Drug Abuse in Iran Essays

Drug Abuse in Iran Essays Drug Abuse in Iran Essay Drug Abuse in Iran Essay Abstract : purpose of this paper is to inform my classmates the rate of substance abuse for Iranian high school students. High school students who are either experienced being prison or awaiting a trial for a crime that they made, either with HIV or without it. This research has been done by me, Dr. Arash and Kamiar Alaei 5 years ago in Iran. Dr. Kamiar Alaei spent over 3 years in prison and his brother Dr. Arash is still in prison for their phenomenon research on AIDS in Iran. I will discuss about the risk factors and social background of 3 Islamic countries, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq. The rate of HIV, and variety of drugs. Just from one high school in Tehran, we had this result, (300 boys) 40. 5 % abused substances at some time in their lives. Among the substance users, the use of cigarette ranked first (36. 9%), followed by alcohol (24. 2%), opium (12. 7%), hashish (8. 7%), Marijuana (8. 2%), heroin (2. 5%), cocaine (2. 5%), hallucinogens (1. 7%), morphine (1. 4%). Only 22. 5 % of the students were still using substances: cigarette 18%, alcohol 13. 5%, opium 2. 3 %, marijuana 2%, hashish 1. 7%, heroin 0. 8%, cocaine 0. 5%, morphine 0. 3% and hallucinogens 0. 3% (Some were using more than one substance). Pleasurable purposes, habit and release of tension were the most common motivations reported for using substances. Introduction I am writing about substance abuse in adolescence in Iran and also how it effects youth when they enter to their early adulthood. A number of research studies of substance use among adolescents, especially students have been carried out in different countries and different levels of educations. Substance use among the youth of Iran especially students is a major concern among researchers and policy makers. In Iran there is a centuries – old tradition of substance use and abuse. For instance opium was known to ancient Persians and has traditionally been used for treating physical and mental stress as well as for pleasurable and social purposes. Use of alcohol is both religiously and legally prohibited in Iran, but use of other substances are legally prohibited, except cigarette, which is not prohibited. the three most common reasons of opiate use among Iranian opiate addicts were enjoyment , physical pain and sedation . Causes, history and background After the narcotics shipments cross the Iranian border they usually are broken up into smaller units so they are more difficult to intercept. 60 percent of the drugs that enter Iran pass on into Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Persian Gulf. The remaining 40 percent stays in the country. The number of people using drugs- from addicts to casual users- is estimated to be around 8 million, ( about a quarter of them are under 19) although the head of the Drug Control Headquarters believes that the real figure could be much higher because most drug abusers want to avoid the stigma of being identified as addicts. 25 The average age of users is falling. A government official says the average addiction age has fallen to 10-19, whereas it used to be 25-29, and the head of the Drug Control Headquarters ascribed the increase in young drug abusers to the country’s population explosion. Drug abuse has led to a growing prison population. Forty percent of all crimes in Iran are drug-related felonies. The head of the Prisons, Security, and Correction Organization said in July 2005 that out of the 3 main juveniles prisons in Iran, Kuwait and Iraq 32,000 were imprisoned for drug addiction. The economy, and especially the high rate of joblessness, tops the list of reasons given by Iranians for drug abuse. Unemployment stands at 14 percent officially and is estimated by outside experts to be in the 25 percent range. This grievance combines with general boredom and a lack of options. A young People always say, â€Å"We’re all jobless. We have nothing to do. We try to do a little bit of business here and there and we get arrested as troublemakers. That’s why there are so many drug addicts here. It’st he despair. †3Another addict said that he had been in combat for forty months during the Iran-Iraq War since he was 14, but when he returned the regime abandoned him. He supported his drug habit with odd jobs and charity, and he warned, â€Å"The youth are becoming drug addicts. hey have no freedom, no jobs, nowhere to go and have fun. So we are all addicts. †National and community leaders are aware of the relationship between jobs and drug abuse. Young people turn to drugs because of â€Å"unemployment, depression, and neglect,† a parliamentary representative said, adding that â€Å"no hope for the future or social joy† are contributory factors7 A Frid ay prayer leader said that unemployment and poverty are among the root causes of drug abuse, and he urged the government to create job opportunities. The availability of drugs also makes an impact. In the words of an individual who deals with addiction treatment and prevention at the Welfare Organization, â€Å"the purchase of heroin has become easier than the purchase of a bottle of milk. To buy bread, we are forced to wait in a line for a long time, but to purchase drugs, no problem exists. †When a war veteran who was describing the lack of alternatives to taking or dealing drugs complained that the local park only has four trees, an opium addict chimed in, â€Å"Instead of trees in our parks, all you find are drug dealers. † There are also other factors contributing to drug abuse in Iran. A member of parliament who also happens to be secretary of the Antidrugs Society attributed drug abuse to the way individuals are treated in society: â€Å"In our society, human beings are not looked upon with dignity and respect, otherwise people who are socially accepted would not turn to drugs. †41 Another parliamentarian explained that culture is behind the demand for drugs: â€Å"Today, the youth are bored with what they have and wish for things they haven’t got. This is rooted in Western culture and should be confronted with the use of cultural tools. †4A supervisor at Shiraz University’s Cultural Center said that culture- not enough sports, depressing and overcrowded dormitories- is a significant reason for the prevalence of drug abuse. 4There also are the kinds of reasons one expects to hear from Iranian officials. One cleric said that weak religious faith is the main reason why people are attracted to drugs. 44 Another cleric said that Iran’s enemies are encouraging the youth to consume drugs. Islamic countries increasingly confront a set of social problems affecting their youth, such as teenage runaways, violence in the family, drug addiction, high risk behavior, crime, prostitution, alcohol abuse phenomena associated with modernity, urbanization, population growth and economic strain. Some Middle Eastern countries initially find it difficult to acknowledge, let alone address, such problems. On the level of values, there appear to be three principle obstacles preventing an open acknowledgement of the kinds of social problems listed above: The belief that these are problems an Islamic society should not have. The posture that if they do occur, they should be dealt with privately by the family/clan, neighborhood or community. The fear is that by helping the affected person, you are validating their conduct and thereby encouraging others to imitate them. This is changing, of necessity. Families and communities are not able to absorb and manage problems as they did in the pa st, in part because traditional structures are no longer intact, and in part because the traditional solutions are increasingly overlaid by new beliefs about what is legal, ethical and appropriate. At the same time, the scope of the problems does not allow them to continue to be swept under the rug. Concepts of human rights, combined with legal reforms and exposure to international debate of the relevant issues, are impacting regional perceptions of these problems. The increased willingness to acknowledge and address sensitive social problems is reflected both in official government reporting, which includes the recognition that these problems exist and are significant, and in public discussion of formerly taboo issues in popular media. See examples at right on teen runaways and family violence from Zanan, an Iranian Womens magazine. ) The Islamic Republic of Iran has become relatively open in its discussion of youth drug addiction, teenage runaways and underage prostitution. Speaking openly about such problems is a first step to recognise the problem. . Fortunately, now we see a greater degree of realism. 1 Theory If I want to describe a theory to explore this problem, I woul d want to go by Erik Erickson theory. The core concept of Eriksons theory is the acquisition of an ego-identity, and the identity crisis is the most essential characteristic of adolescence. Although a persons identity is established in ways that differ from culture to culture, the accomplishment of this developmental task has a common element in all cultures. In order to acquire a strong and healthy ego-identity the child must receive consistent and meaningful recognition of his achievements and accomplishments(Muuss, 1975, p. 55). Adolescence is described by Erikson as the period during which the individual must establish a sense of personal identity and avoid the dangers of role diffusion and identity confusion (Erikson, 1950). The implication is that the individual has to make an assessment of his or her assets and liabilities and how they want to use them. Adolescents must answer questions for themselves about where they came from, who they are, and what they will become. Identity, or a sense of sameness and continuity, must be searched for. Identity is not given to the individual by society, nor does it appear as a maturational phenomenon; it must be acquired through sustained individual efforts. Unwillingness to work on ones own identity formation carries with it the danger of role diffusion, which may result in alienation and a lasting sense of isolation and confusion. The virtue to be developed is fidelity. Adhering to ones values contributes to a stable identity. Based on this theory, identities are lost in Iran, youth are looking to find themselves in their life. They have no hope and future from their perspective is very dark. They hate religion, blame their parents for 1979 revolution, they can adjust between their two worlds, one is the one they see over satellite, western life and one is the one they watch on daily bases. They are lost. So either they study very hard to get an admission from respected universities in other countries and run away from middle east or lose themselves in drug, prostitution, AIDS and unawareness. Establishment of the Triangular Clinic After reporting a huge number of HIV/AIDS youth patient in drug abusers, the estimated age of patients are between 15-19 all males, Medical University and Health Department decided to give an appropriate response to prevent this problem. Initially a large HIV center affiliated to the University hospital was planned. However, fearing that such a move would stigmatize Iran as the epicentre of HIV in the country, this suggestion was at first opposed. However in October 2000 the Triangular Clinic was established. This center is very accessible for patients. The concept of the Triangular Clinic is to tackle three important issues: addressing injecting drug abuse through a harm reduction approach; the treatment of STDs; and care and support for patients. The problems of drug dependence, STDs and HIV are all behavioral in nature and hence, the clinic is a center for the treatment of behavioral disease. By grouping the three together, it is possible to organize a comprehensive and integrated service to the patients. Moreover, avoiding direct reference to HIV alone minimizes any associated stigmatization. This center has provided the patients with, medical services, nursing services and a lot more. The basic diagnosis and recommendation would be how to reduce HIV/AIDS in community and how other people can use the Triangle outside of Iran. Drug abuse treatment In my opinion the first thing which should be considered as the most important strategy would be treating the drug abusing itself and then we can concentrate on HIV/AIDS. tudies have consistently shown that participation in drug abuse treatment is associated with lower rates of drug injection. Treatment for drug addiction has been shown to be effective as an HIV prevention strategy, especially when it is available to the drug user at the time when he or she seeks help. Therefore a comprehensive approach toward IDUs should includ e flexible, accessible and caring treatment systems. Within these systems, drug substitution programs are the most commonly used for IDUs who are addicted to opiates, and within the developed world, methadone is the preferred prescription. It may be used for gradual withdrawal of various age groups or for long term maintenance in populations of older chronic users. Substitute programs do not cure the addiction, but by removing IDUs from lifestyles in the criminal world and attracting them to socially acceptable clinical surroundings, there are better opportunities to decrease injecting and needle sharing behaviors, thereby contributing to a decrease of HIV transmission. This service could be distributed to all population, such as women, children, people who cannot afford because all treatments are for free of cost. Fortunately equitable distribution of health service is accessible to all, but most of the people in community do not will to participate in the program or treatment sessions. HIV primary prevention Primary prevention activities include the training of student when they are still in elementary school. volunteers to raise HIV warned among their families, friends, neighbors and the general public. The volunteers make referrals to individuals seeking help. Seminars and workshops are held for targeted groups such as soldiers, health workers and teachers. Clinic staffs are also involved in raising HIV awareness through mass media campaigns on radio, television and in the local press. In addition, peer education programs and some limited outreach is conducted. Harm reduction and sterile syringe access programs and nursing roles The Clinic (individual and community volunteers) provides risk reduction materials free of charge- condoms, bleach, needles and syringes. Thousand of these materials have been distributed. Serodiscordant couples are provided with condoms on a regular basis from the time of registration at the Clinic and none have seroconverted as yet. Counselling sessions have also been provided to serodiscordant couples to help keep families together and prevent divorce. Unfortunately average age of marriage in lower class family is very low, by the time they are 15, they may even have kids. When implemented as part of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS prevention strategy, sterile syringe access programs play a unique role in engaging hard-to-reach populations at high risk for HIV infection in meaningful prevention interventions and treatment opportunities. Evaluations of these programs indicate that they are an effective part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the injection drug use-related spread of HIV and other blood-borne infections. In addition, they do not encourage the use of illicit drugs. For example, one study in juvenile prison showed 80 percent decrease in HIV incidence attributed to sterile syringe access programs. The cumulative research shows that sterile syringe access programs are effective in reducing the further spread of HIV among drug abusers, their sexual partners, and their children. Furthermore, these programs help to:  ·increase the number of drug users who enter and remain in detoxification and drug treatment programs if they are available to them;  ·disseminate HIV risk reduction information, materials for behavioural change, and referrals for HIV testing and counselling and drug treatment services;  ·reduce injection frequency and needle-sharing behaviors;  ·reduce the number of contaminated syringes in circulation in a community; and  ·Increase the availability of sterile injection equipment, thereby reducing the risk that new infections will spread. Spouse Issue ( Gender) Consider some of the ways in which young women may be implicated in drug use. Women are centrally involved as sexual partners of male IDUs, as careers of people with HIV/AIDS and as people who may be vulnerable, in their own right, to the risk of HIV through drug injecting. The links between drug use, HIV and gender in developing regions are not yet well understood and need further exploration. It is clear however that the problems surrounding HIV and gender are greatly compounded when drug use is an added factor. The relationships between sexual behavior and IDU are quite complex. Women IDUs, who are dependent on men, may fear rejection by their partners if they do not inject drugs. Some people use drugs because they believe the drugs will increase pleasure during sex. Others engage in sex in order to obtain drugs or money to purchase them. Factors placing women drug users at high HIV risk  ·Being drug users themselves  ·Sexual relations with drug using partners  ·Engaging in commercial sex to support drug use  ·Being (girl) children of injecting drug users Lack of education and vocational skills. Women have increasingly become involved in all forms of drug-related problems and are likely to suffer more severe consequences than men as a result of this involvement. Women IDUs are at increased risk of HIV infection over male IDUs for several reasons, but principally because of their generally subordinate status in society. When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes. Women may also be introduced to drug use by sexual partners who inject their drugs for them. If the sexual partner becomes ill or is imprisoned, these women are at risk for overdose if they are unaware of the dosage they have been injecting, and at risk for HIV, if they must rely on others to inject them. There is less documentation about women drug users than their male counterparts. In most literature specific attention is not devoted to female drug users as a distinct group; consequently in the perception of the general public, female drug users are mostly invisible. As a result of these gender-specific perceptions of drug users, female and male users may differ with regard to their backgrounds, reasons for using drugs, psycho-social problems and resulting needs. Although the ratio of female to male drug users is still low, it has been steadily increasing. This phenomenon coincides with the rise of population mobility, broken families, and collapsing communities. While society in general does not look kindly on drug users, it is even harsher in viewing women who use drugs. A woman who uses drugs for whatever reason and who is infected by HIV seldom receives the sympathy and support that she needs. Also from traditional expectations of women as wife, mother and nurturer. Most of provinces, for example, do not have drug-treatment facilities for pregnant or HIV positive women, nor do they make provisions for child care, even though many women who use drugs are single, separated or divorced. Women who use drugs are often hidden from public view. However, women who are partners of drug users and girls who are daughters of drug users are even less visible and accessible. Non-using women with drug-using partners have different problems, especially if their partners are so heavily addicted as to be unable to function normally. Women often endure verbal, physical and sexual abuse, poverty and deprivation of material comfort and facilities, lack of emotional and social security, concern about the future not only for themselves but also for their children. Some women eventually turn to using drugs as a way of escaping from the harsh realities of their lives. Many women are forced into egging or prostitution to earn money to buy drugs for their partners. Of course, through these activities their risk of HIV infection may rise still further. . Prevention of mother to child HIV transmission and post-exposure prophylaxis HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) prophylaxis is provided for pregnant mother, although so far few women have received it. Health workers occupationally exposed to HIV and wives who have had unprotected sexual contact with their H IV infected husbands have also been given HAART prophylaxis. Due to lack of access to appropriate technology in poor provinces in Iran, sometimes the proper treatment cannot be done for them, and they have to be sent to bigger cities to which have access to technology. Young People Young people are particularly vulnerable to the risks posed by drugs and HIV. Children aged 10 and younger are using illicit drugs in many cities and communities around the world. These young people may live on the streets where risks to health are high and welfare support critically low or in households where information about HIV and illicit drugs is taboo. Young people may be initiated into injecting by more experienced drug users in a greater position of power or trust. This is the main issue which needs to be thought of seriously. The children of drug users are often forced to share the burden of the impact of parental (particularly paternal) drug use, and both boys and girls may be forced into child labour or prostitution in order to support parental drug use. The needs of such children are seldom taken into consideration in program planning or policy formulation exposed to HIV. Access to Treatment and Rehabilitation People with drug abuse problems have different needs. Women, the young, the poor, refugees and religious minorities need easier access to early intervention and services. Once in treatment, drug abusers may need job training and referral, assistance in finding housing and reintegrating into society. Drug abusers who commit crimes require alternative treatment in order to break the cycle of drug abuse and crime. Supportive therapist for PLWHA and the families and nursing roles Psychosocial support (psychotherapist and nurse) for is provided for PLWHA, including support for PLWHA group. Affected family members of PLWHA are offered counselling support to enhance their coping abilities and they are wiling to receive this help. They are counselled to provide support to PLWHA, with an emphasis on improving communication, disclosure and relationship. Recreational activities for PLWHA and their families and friends are also organized. Community- based outreach workers in Kermanshah Triangular Clinic and nursing roles Community-based outreach workers are on the front line in the local community, and they know where, when, and how to contact even the most difficult-to-reach drug users in their neighborhoods. As a trusted and recognized source of information, an outreach worker can help drug users understand their personal risks for HIV and other blood-borne diseases and identify the preventive steps they need to take. As a peer, the indigenous outreach worker can encourage drug users to stop or reduce using and injecting drugs and enter drug abuse treatment. They can provide referrals to drug users for drug-abuse treatment, for testing and counseling for HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, and for sterile syringe access programs. Outreach workers (nurses) are a vital link to:  ·educational and risk-reduction information on HIV/AIDS, HBV, HCV, and other STDs;  ·information and materials for behavioral change, including the HIV/AIDS risk-reduction hierarchy, bleach kits to disinfect injection equipment, condoms for safer sex, and instructions for proper condom use and disposal; and  ·Services for testing and counseling for HIV, HBV, HCV, and other STDs; drug abuse treatment; and other community health, prevention, and social programs. Team work As it is concluded from the above paragraphs, none of these strategies and planning can be done without having a good team work. Some of can be achieved by health care professionals, some by community workers, some by supporting their feelings. Coordination of services between the sectors One of the significant aspects of Triangular Clinic is that various services in sectors are coordinated. The Clinic has been taken enormous pains to establish this mechanism, which has ensured that the infected, affected and members of high-risk groups receive the maximum benefits. Key sectors coordinated other than ministry of health (government, which is main system) with include the Red Crescent Society, Imam Welfare Committee and the State Welfare Organization. How drug use and HIV are viewed may also depend on the sector of government concerned with the issue:  ·Health departments may see HIV and drug overdose as the fundamental problems posed by injecting drug use  ·The Police may be more concerned with crime associated with illicit drugs  ·Home Ministries or Patrols may be primarily concerned with suppressing the supply of drugs  ·Chief Ministers may be concerned with the overall impact of drug problems on the community Whatever approaches governments and other policy making agencies take towards illicit drug use, it is important that they carefully consider the full implications of their decisions. Declaring stringent bans on drug use, or advocating imprisonment for all offenders may sound like strong leadership, but in isolation from other public health measures, may simply result in more harm. Red Crescent Society The international organization provides several services in middle east related to the above strategies: financial and material support to PLWHA, HIV counselling for those engaged in high-risk behaviour and a volunteer training program in primary prevention. The Triangular Clinic supports this by facilitating the training and providing information. Volunteers attend the Clinic to help with referrals. . State Welfare Organization The state Welfare Organization provides inpatient and outpatient treatment and rehabilitation services for drug abusers. The Triangular Clinic regularly makes referrals to their abstinence-oriented treatment program. Government The second component of the Comprehensive Drug Control Program of the Islamic Republic of Iran focuses on drug demand reduction (DDR). In this area, the program will develop and enhance the national capacity for preventing drug abuse, as well as for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In line with the guidelines of the National Five-Year Drug Demand Reduction Strategy, the project focuses on the consolidation of the Prevention Department of the State Welfare Organization and the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training, and on the decentralization of drug abuse control initiatives by strengthening local monitoring and control plans of action. The project will contribute to the development of national specialized technical skills and capabilities at central and local levels by providing training to specialists, NGOs and other voluntary organizations. Subsequently, the project will provide financial support and technical guidance for the first steps of drug demand reduction initiatives launched at local levels. A special emphasis will be placed on initiatives of NGOs that promote children s and women s rights. The problem of drug abuse in the penitentiary system will be addressed through ad-hoc activities introducing drug treatment and rehabilitation to the system. Finally, with regard to drug consumption prevention, the project will focus on raising public awareness of the dangers of drug abuse, and it will foster civil society s involvement in the need for the treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Indicators a) Achievement of the sectoral objectives of the National Five-Year Strategy; ) Capability of the project to respond to new drug abuse trends and unpredicted related phenomena. constraints and policy issue The lack of a supportive policy environment is perhaps the greatest obstacle and challenge for controlling HIV among injecting drug users. Despite the fact that drug use drives the HIV epidemic in the country, the relationship between HIV and drug use is particularly neglected in terms of national policies on both HIV and drugs. Policy dialogue and policy reform are generally lacking with respect to injecting drug use and HIV. This lack of supportive policies makes it extremely difficult for programs to implement the activities necessary to reduce drug-related harm, especially HIV. While some progress is being made, national responses are generally inadequate and are not integrated into national development strategies, poverty reduction strategies and other key areas of development policy and planning. This has particular relevance to government looking to integrate concepts of sustainable human development into policy making processes, thus building the institutional capacity of governments for policy development and implementation. Drugs and HIV policy frameworks often develop at different times through different processes, so it is no surprise that they have often evolved with different goals and approaches. Drug policies in the country do not focus on public health issues such as HIV. Conversely, HIV policies often do not address injecting drug use. Instead, governments and development agencies place priority on finding long-term solutions to problem, rather than addressing the more immediate harm caused by drug use, most notably, HIV. In the absence of effective a correct and effective policies and programs to prevent HIV among IDU, community-based organizations are often the only agencies to implement responses. However the development of effective programs is often inhibited by government policies which prevent the implementation of interventions that have been proven successful elsewhere, such as needle exchange programs and drug substitution. This situation is changing, but often not until HIV has already begun to spread among IDUs. The challenge therefore is to identify ways of engaging governments, local programs and policy makers to develop policies that will support prompt implementation of effective responses to the epidemic among IDUs. To do this, governments and development agencies need better understanding of the nature and extent of the HIV epidemic among IDUs, exposure to different strategies, and examples of programmatic and policy responses for consideration West Kuwait Health Centre Triangular Clinic The Triangular Clinic in West Kuwait Health Center formerly operated as a hepatitis prevention and treatment clinic, but now offers HIV care, STD care and harm reduction services for drug abusers. Patients at the Clinic are largely referred from drug abuse treatment centers and are primarily referred for HIV counseling and care. there was just very minor report ( less than 10 males) from Kuwaiti, but their government was very cooperative with the new idea of opening a free clinic to help their youth, so the third triangular was in Kuwait. unfortunately, they did not provide us with the correct number of IDU North Basra (Iraq) Health Centre Triangular Clinic In July 2000, Iraq was among the countries having reported the large number of AIDS in its IDU adolescence in its prison, 8847 males. So The Clinic was established recently in an existing health center in North Basra. The centre provides family planning, mother and child care, and vaccination services during the mornings and services for drug abusers and their families in the afternoon. The Clinic was established at the health centre to provide better access for patients seeking services and to address the stigma attached to HIV and drug abuse. The Clinic primarily offers voluntary counseling and testing, and provides care and support services for HIV positive injecting drug abusers and their partners. Conclusion The HIV epidemic inIdrug abuser teenager is very complex and involves a mix of social, political, economic and ethical factors that are specific to each location In Iran injecting is a relatively new way of transmitting infectious disease. It is also behavior about which relatively little is known. HIV infection among injecting drug users is a new phenomenon in many places and current policies and programs may be insufficiently relevant to the specific challenges posed by contemporary drug use. We need to understand there are reasons for people to go after drugs. Partially reasons for increasing the Population of adolescence are:  ·Widespread stigma and marginalization in the community  ·Poor health status  ·Unemployment and poverty  ·Lack of access to health and community services  ·Lack of commitment from policy makers  ·Lack of information about risks of drug injecting Which is without government support and committed sectors is not achievable. Although individual groups and private organizations are trying to reduce the problem. References Ahmed R (1998) UNDP Co-Administrator, UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem, New York, 9 June 1998 Anderson, E, McFarlane,E. (1996)Community as partner, theory and practice in nursing Ahmadi J, Fakkor A, Malekpour A. Current substance use among psychiatric patient. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2002;8 (5): 223-286. Drug Control Bureau. Annual report of drug control. Tehran: 2001. May Gott, M. , O’Brien-Peterson,L. , (1990). The roles of nurse in health promotion. HIV/AIDS in Iran. Health Deputy of Ministry of Health. Iran. Jan 2001. Imam Khomeini Organization, HIV/AIDS prisoners, Tehran 2003 King’s psychology network Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Five-year program on drug demand reduction. Tehran: 1999. Prison Monthly Journal, Dr. Maghani, Tehran July, 2004 Ministry of Health and Medical Education. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Tehran. 2002 Razzhgi EM. HIV/AIDS in association with injecting drug abuse in Iran. Geneva: State Welfare Organization 1999. Tilak P. Pokharel, World Press Review correspondent, Kathmandu, Nepal, June 9, 2003 Unsigned editorial, Yas-e No (reformist), Tehran, Iran, Jan. 12, 2004 UN Agencies. Women on the move. The UN Inter-Agency Gender and Development Group. October 2000 WHO. Men and AIDS, Background document. Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean. 2000. .

Air pollution around the i710(Long Beach) Freeway Term Paper

Air pollution around the i710(Long Beach) Freeway - Term Paper Example Infect, they are not aware of the biggest danger, which is going to affect them in the forth coming years. According to Robert Hotz of the Wall Street Journal, "Congested cities are fast becoming test tubes for scientists studying the impact of traffic fumes on the brain" (Coker para. 1). The experience with air pollution can be associated to brain damage, fretfulness, gloominess, dementia and autism and also probably intensify the threat of Alzheimer's disease and fasten the outcome of Parkinson's disease. The latest report of the public-health management and the laboratory studies suggests that, overexposure to impure air has extensively been connected with asthma and elevated rates of cardiac syndrome, malignancy and respiration problems. The West Long Beach Site:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The west long beach, which is identified as an important gift of nature, is a residence to the main drivers of air pollution in southern California. About 29,000 inhabitants and 8 public schools are operating with more than 9,000 students; they are compressed among the 710 freeway to the east. The Long Beach/Los Angeles port compound, the 103 freeways and main oil plant to the west; the 405 freeway to the north; the port and a main engineering to the south. A major producer of air pollution is the harbor compound, which include ships, trains, and trucks. As the basis for more than 40% of the nation’s import, above forty thousand trucks trips a day are required for the movements of the goods from the docks and terminals. â€Å"Some trucks head for the massive truck-to-train ‘intermodal’ facility adjacent to Westside area schools, where the containers are transferred to trains running north to the rail yards east of Los Angeles. Other trucks make their way to the I-710 and rail corridor, what residents call â€Å"cancer alley,† before hooking into the region’s vast transportation matrix. The research site is highlighted in the map to the rig ht† (Hytrek 5). Air Pollution around the 710 Freeway:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The port of Long Beach are the lone prevalent source of air pollution in southern California leading to increased asthma rates for kids existing in port-adjacent community such as Long Beach, to be approximately twofold as elevated as the rest of the U.S. Pollution associated to the ports and movements of goods in California causes more than 2,500 early deaths per annum and malignancy threat rates up to 20 times superior to central clean air standards. The inhabitants are basically economically backward class. In a current economic study of school absence and ozone stage in Southern California, the researchers identified that $68 million a time can be secured if ozone altitudes in the south Coastal Basins been further minimized, so as to get better with the health matters of the children. Health Impacts of Air Pollution among Children: Air Pollution is found to have an inconsistent effect on inhabit ants near the coastal areas, where they belong to the economically weaker class of the society. Children are identified to have census problem and the regular headache and tiredness are the consequences as the result of the same. Children in those areas are prone to be identified with asthma, and other bronchial infections. The children are also found to have diagnosed with the risk of cancer and the risk of experiencing poisonous air contaminants. Various studies

Peer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Peer review - Essay Example According to the article, incorporating a balanced scorecard allows any organization to analyze how they are doing both non-financially and financially through going deep into where they are and decide the route that they will follow in order to attain their goals and objectives. According to Blocher et al. (2012), they also believe that in order to succeed, you have to align your business activities to the strategy and vision of the organization, improve external and internal communications, as well as monitor organization performance against planned goals. In the last paragraph, the writer elucidates to the reader how the organization overcame their plummeting sales through changing their strategy and deciding what their client would like to experience, how they can evaluate their financial performance and better manage their internal affairs, which were all significant aspects of assessing the performance of an organization (Michelli, 2007). Some of the thing that the writer could have added to the paper to make it more special is discussions on why the sales of Starbucks decreased in 2007 and how they got back up. Some critics also advise that writers should bear in mind that their articles might reach many people from different religions, thus is it also advisable to write from a neutral point of view rather than dwelling on one religion in order for others to feel recognized

Macro environment analysis of Berjaya air

Macro environment analysis of Berjaya air International business is a process or method in the economic system that describes all commercial transactions such as exchanging goods and services between two or more country. Mostly, the patterns and trends in international business include world trade and investment. International business is more likely to be choosing by Multinational enterprise (MNE). MNE believes that by doing international business, it provides them large market because they are now view world economy rather than their domestic market (Brakman Garretsen, 2008). They can now do export and import, foreign direct investment and also creates jobs and wealth opportunities to the nation that MNE penetrate in. Globalisation is powerful force impacting the economic, social and also political environment (Dunning, 1974). Declining in trade and investment barriers help the MNE to view the world and can base production in the optimal location for the market of activity, rapid growth in cross-border mergers and also acquisitions. The Berjaya Group starts when Tan Sri Dato Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun acquired a major controlling stake in the share capital of Berjaya Kawat Berhad from the founders, Broken Hill Proprietary Ltd, Australia and National Iron Steel Mills of Singapore. The company is official listing on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange in year 1969. The acquisition of Tan Sri Vincent Tan toward Berjaya Group resulted in a great change in the aggressive growth of Berjaya in October 1988 (James, 2010). Berjaya has transformed into variable entity through joint-ventures, acquisitions and partnerships. Now with total employees of over 21000, the group are diversify and provide services such as financial services, consumer marketing and direct selling, vacation timeshare, hotels, resorts recreation development, property investment and development, airline, gaming and lottery management (Berjaya, 2010). 1.0 The macro environment analysis of Berjaya air Macro environment analysis can help a firm to establish a more proper and stable international business worldwide. This is because macro environment analysis provides more specific forces such as political, environment, socio-cultural and also technology that can help firm to adapt to the environment (Haughey, 2000), . This is because the environment are rapidly changing, the cultural in each nation are different and also their technology growth (Henry, 2008). Due to its diversification in many fields, it would be appropriate to analyse based on one group which I choose that is Berjaya air. Berjaya Air is practically practising the PEST analysis to meet demand of their local market. They believe that the forces in PEST analysis are fundamental for the growth in niche market in Malaysia and also Asian. Berjaya air was first started in Malaysia and they are using PEST analysis to excel in their domestic and also international markets (Malaysia SEO Company, 2009). 1.1 Political Malaysia practises Parliamentary Democracy with a constitutional monarch. With the economy and political stability, it is sure that many of the MNE want to do business in Malaysia. The key of attraction to investors to continue invest in Malaysia is all about political stability (Technip, 2010). Even though Malaysia contains of many races and practises different cultures, but still Malaysia remain peaceful. Furthermore, Malaysia government are attracting and encourage MNE to come invest and involve in their business transaction (The Star, 2010). Malaysia government are trying to make Malaysia as core a core business centred around the world. Hence, the government are allowing any foreign investor to invest in any field in the Malaysia business and they are also being given freedom in context of rule and press of law. Incentives are given for a firm to do their project and Malaysia government are more focus in social and employment legislation for the purpose to create peaceful countr y for any investor. For a firm to success in a market, there are believed that they have good political relationships with the government. This is because governments have a lot rules and regulations that a company needed to follow. For example, there were tax policy, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and tariffs and political stability. Therefore, Berjaya has always kept good relationships with the government. This is to ensure them their safety and stability development while conducting business. It also can attract local and also foreign investor to invest in the firm as they have good relationships between the firm and the government. By understanding and adapting to the political environment of a country, Berjaya are ready to tackle the domestic and international markets. The Berjaya also believe to have close connection with former prime minister, Tun Mahathir Mohammads family business (Aditjondro, 2005). 1.2 Economic Other than political factor, Berjaya also look into the economics of country. This was important to know the purchasing power of consumers so that the company can tackle and produce a product that will be bought by consumer. The group also concern about the interest, exchange and inflation rate of the country. This is because the economic growth can affect the rate and the company needs to sustain in the growth of the economy (Goodwin Nelson, 2008). Malaysia actually is a country that has lot resources such as rubber, palm oil and also natural resources such as petroleum and tin (Janes Information Group, 2009; Altius Directory, 2010). The growth of Malaysias economy is driven by export to the other countries such as Japan, China and also United State (US). The country began to move from a domestic producer to a multi sector economy. Over the last 16 years, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia has growth and reach over 6% per year. The unemployment rates also remain low at 4% and also low inflation even though recent global rise in crude oil prices (Trading Economics, 2010). This created a very good opportunities for Berjaya in expand their business in airline because more passengers will take flight on vacation as the economy are become more stable and change of monetary measures. 1.3 Social Furthermore, social factors were also important for a company. Berjaya needs to look in the different of cultural and demographic especially in Malaysia. This is because Malaysia contains of different races and cultural that needs the company to segmentation their product in it. Consumers are more towards health consciousness lately and they are more emphasis on safety living environment. By having good reputation for the Berjaya airline, passengers are feeling secured to take the flight. Berjaya air tickets are cheaper than Malaysia Airline System (MAS) and reasonable that make it is an attraction for passengers to choose their flight. According to MAS itself, not all can afford a higher flight ticket as passengers will try to find other alternative that are cheaper. Their customer services department also quite slow in providing detail to their customers (Vin, 2009). 1.4 Technology Last for the PEST forces is the technology. Technology can help the firm to save cost in the production making because it minimum the efficient production levels and also lower the barriers to entry (Kottler, 1998). This technology factor is very important to strengthen and enhance in Berjaya airlines system. When internet was first launched in 1990, JARING is become famous and rapidly being use by all Malaysian. After that, TMnet which is the second Malaysias Internet Second Provider (ISP) was licensed at in 1996. With faster surfing environment than JARING, more Malaysian are subscribe to Tmnet (Becker, 2002). After few years later, there were three new ISPs being incorporated in Malaysia that is Digi, Maxis Communication and Time Telecommunications Sdn. Bhd. (Yunus, 2000). Foremost, the introduction of E-commerce and E-business has made any business become easier. Business transaction can be done around the world such as booking ticket online. Furthermore, Berjaya airline are using SITA Gabriel Reservations System. This system is the worlds largest international providing airlines with vital passenger reservations and management information system. The functions of this system is to record all the passengers name, the flight schedule and also other features such as boarding pass printing and advance seat selection (Pilling, 2008). Hence, technology is really important for business nowadays. It helps the management of the firm to become more efficient and smooth. 2.0 The International Consideration There were many considerations to be made before going into international business. In the airlines field, each country has their national airlines that mostly owns and operates by local government. Other than that, private airlines are collateral to a great deal of government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For example, governments in Singapore often interfere to terminate airline labor actions in order to protect their free flow of people, communications, and goods between different countries (Paul, 2010). Berjaya Air is doing foreign direct investment in other countries such as Singapore and Thailand. They had flight to fly to the Koh Samui, Thailand and also to Changi, Singapore airport for meets their customers wants and demands. The other consideration a firm has to stress is in the deregulation of the airline industry. Before deregulation was introduced, countries have their own policies to protect their domestic air carriers from any other foreign competitors. These own policies makes the air services are more restricted between each country and also troublesome. For example, there were requirement that need to be made for each airlines firm such as the route that they are taking, airfares and their operating method (Ioannides Debbage, 1998). In the year of 2008, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have all being standardised as deregulation region. This allow airline from each members countries to fly across each other region without any problems. Under the ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services, each airline in the ASEAN countries is granted to enjoy free flow of flight to fly across other countries and the rights to make stops in other countries territory for non-traffic purposes such as emergency landing or fuelling (King Rodolfo, 2006). Malaysia begins to promote their tourism industry in the late 1980. Statistic show that around 5.5 million of travellers visited Malaysia in 1991. Even though Malaysia have faces many problems such as Gulf War, global slowdown and recession in their politic structure but still tourism contribute to approximately MYR5 billion in year 1991. Malaysia continuing to targets tourists from their neighbouring countries and also Middle East such as Saudi Arabia by providing range of tourism options (Locsin, 2010). This is because Malaysia is well known in its history and has many differences cultural to be explored. Tourism Malaysia reported that there were 119.5% increase in the number of visitors. Government will continue to support this industry as it is important for them to generate revenue of foreign exchange. Nevertheless, Berjaya Airline is trying to promote their package with low air flight tour of business as to increase their customer level (Anon, 2009). By target only the most famous places that tourists will visit, it help Berjaya airline to gain good brand image in no time for the tourism industry. Wherever tourists planning to go in any interesting places in Malaysia, they surely will choose Berjaya air because the airline are more fly toward any famous destinations in Malaysia and also other countries such as Koh Samui, Thailand and also Singapore, known as a shopping paradise. However, the liberalization of industry has led to an increase in flights and airlines operating on certain routes. Bilateral agreements are also affect the free entry and exist in the airlines systems. Bilateral are based on open skies agreement which give freedom to fly with full traffic in any capacity and routes. Because of freedom in entering and exist, more airline firms are interest to invest in any countries (Bowen Leinbach, 2010). The local airline faces more competition than last time. In the Berjaya case, their rivals who are MAS and Air Asia that already established airline services for an age. MAS and Air Asia also provide more services to strengthen customers loyalty toward their airlines and will benefit the firm because more customers are choosing their airlines to fly (Business Time, 2010). The main advantage in an attempt to optimize an airline firm profit is their pricing ticket. Over the year, the pricing of airline tickets has increase and become major problem that faced by any airlines firm and its troublesome. By having complications in scheduling flights and to sustain profitability, airlines are forced to make constant adjustments. Moreover, another financial issue is that of hedging of oil  and  fuel  purchases (Notaras, 2010). This is usually the second expenses in its relative cost to the company. But, with the increasing in fuel prices has brought the largest cost to an airline. As to overcome the issues faced by Berjaya airline, they are utilizing public relations to extend and supplement its advertising budget. By having special promotion, it can help Berjaya to boost up their customer and provide them with latest and famous aviation that their customers would like to visit. The airline is operating using new market by transcending the technological barrier with the latest technology in the airline business (Swissgabe, 2003). It helps Berjaya from face any other complications in systems break down that can affect the overall management in its firm. This can evaluate the overhead cost and time consuming because the systems is always being maintains and are up-to-date. Despite from all the factors that being discuss just now, Berjaya is ready to going into international business. They already established and targeted their neighboring countries in ASEAN region such as Thailand and also Singapore. By focusing more on the niche market, Berjaya airline can target and segmented their customer in the market. The steps of concentrate more on niche market bring Berjaya airline profit because they are targeting to specific, segment, and also satisfying their customers (Berjaya Air, 2010). It narrows down the scope and clarifies the focus of the marketing of the Berjaya. Berjaya airline is a small firm and by focus more in niche market, the firm can concentrate to develop strategies to meet their customers want and needs. These give Berjaya airline a competitive advantage toward any other airlines firm because all of the airlines firms in Malaysia have different targeting customers and wont overlapping with their each other that can affect the revenue retur n of their firm. 3.0 The Growth of Business For a business to continue success in the world, the firm needs to come out with new strategies that can help the growth of the business. The firm needs to do some self improvement because the world is become globalize and the wants and demand of customers are converging around the globe (BNET, 2008). Even thou the aim of a business is to gain profit but they also need to lesser their competitors in the market because too many rivalry bring less profit to their firm. By consider to Ansoffs Product Market Matrix, Berjaya airline can build good strategies that in the long run shall help create many opportunities to their firm. Based on Ansoffs Product Market Matrix, it helps marketer in any firms to see wider perspective to grow the business through existing products and markets (Berkshire, 2010). In this aspect, Berjaya airline can focus in promoting their low cost carriers (LCCs). This is because LCCS are different from any other traditional carriers as it has different business model; low operating costs and low fares. Low Cost Carriers business model are believe to growth in faster rate rather than other business model because they focus more in providing low airfares (Field, 2008). Operating cost has to be kept low as well in orders to keep flight ticket prices low. This can be done by using more fuel efficiency plane or aircraft. By moving forward, Berjaya Airlines introduce the ATR 72-500 aircraft and is well known for its reliability to be among the best environment friendly turboprop aircraft (NRI, 2010). Other than this, flying to uncongest or secondary airports such as in Pulau Redang, Pulau Tio man and also to Changi in Singapore allow the LCCs have quick turn-around, cut back on delay and save money. Berjaya Air also makes sure that their operating method is point-to-point flights to avoid the cost of providing services for connecting passengers. LCCs demand are increasing as the low prices of ticket that stimulate passenger to choose them. Additionally, the average airfares decrease. This is also known as Southwest Effect. For example, a study in Denver found out that passenger volumes increased by an average of 36.8% meanwhile the fares decreased by an average of 18.2% after the LCCs business model being introduced (IBM, 2010). In the term of new product development, Berjaya Airline tries to introduce new packages that suit for local and also international tourists such as Great Holiday Escapes. This package brings the passenger to popular destinations such as Koh Samui in Thailand, and also local places such as Pulau Redang and Pulau Tioman. Furthermore, Berjaya also set up company base operation in Kuala Lumpur which manage and utilizing the route advantage to designated travels destinations with easy access and smart location compared to MAS and Air Asia. Before Berjaya involve in airline business, they already well knew in property investment and development, hotels, resorts and recreation development and many other. However, Berjaya Group has diversified into airline which is newly for them and known as Berjaya Air. By taking steps further, it helps Berjaya Airline to become further develop in the domestic and also international flight. In the future, Berjaya Airline is planning to expand their territories through partnerships and also cooperation with other larger airline in ASEAN. The marketing researchers also try to identify and expanding new routes. By doing this, they have greater opportunities in exploiting the airlines markets. 4.0 New Venture It is believe that after a firm success in their current market, the firm will begin try to expand in more newly venture that they have never done before. By doing new venture, the market size actually are bigger because the firm have move to wider scope and target of their business. However, it is not easy for Berjaya Airline to sustain in the new venture as they are small firm compare to MAS and Air Asia. But, having competitive advantages in their business strategy, Berjaya can overcome this problem and without overlapping with other airline profit earnings (Porter, 1985). For my choice, Berjaya Airline can consider to doing foreign direct investment in the Cambodia country. Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy country and almost 96% population of their citizens are practiced Theravada Buddhism. Between, they have different minority races such as Cham, Muslims, Chinese and various tribes that stay in northwest of Cambodia. Mostly, the economics of Cambodia are towards the agriculture and some related sub-sectors. They are becoming major exporter in rice as in 2010 to 2011 year, their surplus of paddy is said to be around 7.3 million tons (AKP, 2010). In the late year of 1997, the tourism industry in Cambodia is rapidly growth despite of recovery in economic crisis. The arrivals of tourists in Cambodia from year 1997 are 219,000 to approximately 2 million people in the year 2007 (Asia Info, 2010). By understanding more on a country that Berjaya would like to penetrate in, it give them clear picture on what the policies in government laws and also the s tability in the local government economy. Based on Porters Five Forces Analysis, it show and help Berjaya Airline to create competitive advantages which contain all the important five forces that is threat of entrants, bargaining power of customers and suppliers and also threat of substitute and rivalry. 4.1 Threat of New Entrants First of all, one of the threats would be security of Berjaya networks. Advancement in the technology has created a lot of viruses and also hackers. Internet is very vulnerable and Berjaya need internet to doing their online transaction for booking ticket. However, this is not the major concern for Berjaya Airline as they are using latest technology that can reduce the risk from being spam by hackers or viruses. The main concern for Berjaya in establishes business in new country mean that they have to provide a huge sum of money for them to operate. By lacking of capital, Berjaya Airline maybe be need to acquire loans from bank so that they have possibilities to doing the business. As a member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Cambodia are become more developing as ASEAN help to create a more peaceful and stability region and also help in economic and social growth (Rodis, 2010). Chaos in a country can harm their economy growth as the investors are not willing to plunge their money in a vacillating country. Other than that, ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM) helps the tourism industry in Cambodia growth because more passengers are taking the air services. The passengers services will be removed and full liberalisation of air freight services will be introduce (Thomas, 2008). 4.2 Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers The bargaining power of consumers is high for the domestic airlines as there have a lot of choices for customers to be made. For example in the Cambodia domestic flight, it has around 10 domestic airlines that provide local flight such as Angkor Airways, Cambodia Airlines, President Airlines and other. The airlines is not fully own by the Cambodias government because the Vietnam Airlines Corporation also acquired 49% of the Cambodias Airlines. But, for the international routes or flight, there are less options for passenger to bargain and it make they have no other alternative and to take any flight services that are available in market. In the suppliers aspect, the price of airplanes continue high as there were few suppliers in the market (Floris Oswald, 2006). Most of airline supply business was dominated by Boeing and Airbus. In Porters generic strategies, Berjaya Airline business strategy is to target specific market with low prices, efficiency in operation and also provide popular destination for tourist such as Siem Reap in Cambodia. Statistics show that around 561,000 to 677,000 tourists enter Siem Reap province which is their international airport in the year 2004 to 2005. Siem Reap also has a large number of hotels and restaurants that make convenience for any tourists to try any local cuisines and also quite lot attractions (Angkor Visitor, 2010). The attractions were Angkor Wat, Angkor National Musem, Central Market and Cambodia Landmine Museum. The main attraction for the tourists is Angkor Wat. It is said to be the largest temple in the world and listed in the World Heritage as the most popular place to visit (UNESCO, 2009). Other than that, lower currencies in Cambodia also attract tourists to visit Cambodia over the year. With roughly 100 Cambodian Riel (KHR) is equal to 0.08 cents of Malaysia Ringgit (MYR) where KHR and MYR is monetary unit. By having a lot of competitive advantages such as famous place to be travel and low currency exchange, Berjaya Air new venture into the Cambodia Airline market create good opportunities for them in short and long term run. 4.3 Threat of Substitute Product and Rivalry Even thou Berjaya see a lot of advantages in doing business in Cambodia Airlines, but by going international also make the face many competition. Passenger has more options towards the local transportation such as train or other. But considering about the time consumptions that they need to bear with, consumers are willing to go for airline. Additionally, Berjaya need to deal competition with local airlines that provide same services. Many of the local competitors in multi countries are having affiliates or subsidiaries from the government. Local airline would have more and easy access to the information because they receive support and also have good relationships with the government. The information such as market demands, policies changes and economic slowdown can affect and slowdown the overall operation of Berjaya Airline. This is because airline industrys high capital requirements, protective regulatory structures, and scale advantages that cost of competition would eliminate f uture profit. Exist in rivalry for the airlines industry is also cant be avoided. Each airline company are providing the same services and operating to the same destinations. Furthermore, each of the firm is competing among themselves by promoting privileges membership, cutting airfares, and many other benefits just to grab customers loyalty towards their airlines. However, Berjaya Airline central objective is to achieve bigger niche advantages than their rivals by continuing searching areas such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia to cater great tourist destinations with additional tourisms services. For them, the aimed of differentiation and variety specific destination is a competitive priority and it helps Berjaya Airline to determine the market position. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, going international business is promising every firm with high return of profit. Not only going international, the domestic businesses also need good strategies planning to excel in both fields. By understand more on what approaches that are best suit to Berjaya take in internationalism will help them to show a positive growth in their firm. By adopting all the strategies needed by Berjaya Airline such as PEST, Ansoffs Product Market Matrix and also Porters Five Forces help the firm to realize the strength of a market. The firm can now use this competitive advantages to tackle the airlines industries not only domestic but also international as the strategies already provide them many steps to overcome problems faces by the firm and also steps to improve their airline services. (4234 words) 6.0 Referencing Aditjonro 200. Company Profiles [Online] Available at: http://www.forestsmonitor.org/en/reports/550066/550085#berjaya (Accessed on 4th November 2010) AKP, 2010. Cambodia to Become a Major Rice Exporter [Online] Available at: http://www.un.int/cambodia/Bulletin_Files/Aug10/Cambodia_to_Become.pdf (Accessed on 28th November 2010) Altius Directory 2010. Malaysia Economy 2010 [Online] Avalaible at: http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Business/malaysia-economy.php (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Angkor visitor, 2010. History of Angkor Wat [Online] Available at: http://tour.angkorvisitor.com/Detail.aspx?Cat=6 (Accessed on 2nd November 2010) Anonymous, 2009., Air Destination and Servicess [Online] Available at: http://www.atozcheapairlines.com/berjaya-air.html (Accessed on 13th November 2010) Asia Info, 2010 Article: The Cambodia Economy [Online] Available at: http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/cambodia/pro-economy.htm (Accessed on 2nd December 2010) Becker, J., 2002. Internet in Malaysia and Vietnam Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=2oQbTdz3JasCpg=PA44lpg=PA44dq=first+licensed+internet+provider+in+Malaysia%3Fsource=blots=t6MFI335hjsig=PCCKdGDYrv29evE1j8w0L85BtAhl=enei=9SP6TN_aDoXyrQfu6LiiCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=first%20licensed%20internet%20provider%20in%20Malaysia%3Ff=false (Accessed on 29th November 2010) Berjaya air, 2010 All about Berjaya Air [Online] Available at: https://www.berjaya-air.com/aboutus.html (Accessed on 5th December 2010) Berkshire, 2010., Ansoffs Product-Market Matrix [Online] Available at: http://www.anythingresearch.com/Strategic-Planning/Ansoff-Matrix.htm (Accessed on 2nd November 2010) BNET, 2008., How to Stay Competitive in a Global Market [Online] Available at: http://www.bnet.com/article/how-to-stay-competitive-in-a-global-economy/207502 (Accessed 6th November 2010) Bowen, T. J., Leinbach, R. T., 2010. The State and Liberalization: The Airline Industry in the East Asian NICs [Online] Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a788927215~frm=abslink (Accessed on 26th November 2010) Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., 2008. Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational Enterprise [Online] Available at: http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2tid=11516 (Accessed on 25th November 2010) Business time, 2010. Article: MAS to Boost its Sales with Innovative Services [Online] Available at: http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/jkhan/Article/index_html (Accessed on 30th November 2010) Dunning, H., 1974. Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise [Online] Available at: : http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8UgVAAAAIAAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=multinational+enterprisesource=blots=vRhrcQOPF8sig=5nd_GqMe7fSYNAQ8xye8w3pEPGIhl=enei=0Kz3TOmWAsnYrQffvbHvDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false (Accessed on 12th November 2010) Field, D., 2008. Article: Low-cost Carriers Tweak Their Models [Online] Available at: http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/24/223142/low-cost-carriers-tweak-their-models.html (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Floris, G., Oswald, L., 2006. Designing and Executing Strategy in Aviation Management [Online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=CJXshJc_IpICpg=PA59dq=Bargaining+Power+of+Customers+and+Suppliers+in+airlines+industryhl=enei=RQX9TI7zIMrlrAeMvcGyCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=Bargaining%20Power%20of%20Customers%20and%20Suppliers%20in%20airlines%20industryf=false (Accessed on 24th November 2010) Haughey, D., 2000. PEST Analysis [Online] Available at: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/pest-analysis.html (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Goodwin, R., Nelson, A., 2008. Article: Economy Growth [Online] Available at: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Economic_growth (Accessed on 17th November 2010) Henry, A., 2008. Understanding Strategy Management [Online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=Sli7_rbsEgcCpg=PA51dq=pest+analysishl=enei=vW_4TJ3mAYe4rAem9Z3vAgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=pest%20analysisf=false (Accessed on 19th November 2010) Ioannides, D., Debbage, G., 1998. The Economy Geography of the Tourist Industry: A Supply Side Analysis [Online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=enlr=id=P4PfF5LAijYCoi=fndpg=PA159dq=deregulation+airline+industry+in+malaysiaots=19eMeXcyaWsig=mD7PlSpv9GZQ_OaiTVTKPPtsi8g#v=onepageqf=false (Accessed on 29th November 2010) James, S., 2010. Article: New Strenght, Malaysia Business [Online] Avalaible at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn6207/is_

Universal Education

11 important Problems of Universalization of Education and their Remedies SWASTIK Universalization of Elementary Education is Constitutional directive. Education is every body's birth-right and it is binding on any government to provide facilities for education for children who are born and reach the school-going age. It was stipulated to achieve Universalization within 10 years from the introduction of Constitution and that is by 1960. But it is now more than three decades after the scheduled time.Now the problems with certain possible remedies to solve them have been discussed as follows: (1) Faulty Policy of Government: The constitutional directive is that states shall endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 years. But it is a matter of regret that the prescribed goal has not been reached as yet. The main cause for this is that the policy of Government was based on idealism. Basic education was accepted as the form of na tional education.Being inspired with this aim, work started to convert the existing primary schools into basic schools. India is a vast country with a very large population. Money was too much in shortage for implementation of so expensive a scheme of conversion of a large number of Elementary Schools. Government has also admitted this. In such a situation, the best policy would have been to make separate treatment for the basic schools along with the general primary and middle schools. (2) Political Difficulties: Education is the basis of democracy.It is necessary to educate the citizens in order to make democracy a success. But so far the Government of India has not been able to devote their full attention towards education. Main reason is that since the attainment of Independence, Government had to face the problems of food, of inimical neighbours, the problem of Kashmir, the problem of linguistic states etc. Those problems still exist and these problems have all along forced to allocate so much money that Government has not been able to devote their due attention for elementary education.The Government is responsible to solve the political problems; the Government is also duty-bound for smooth progress of public education. On no account, this indifference of Government towards universal primary education could be justified. (3) Faulty Administration of Education: In most of the states the responsibility of universal primary education is on the authorities of Blocks, Municipalities and Educational Districts. The progress of expansion of primary education gets slow because of the indifference and incapability of these institutions.In fact, it is the responsibility of the nation to educate its citizens. It is necessary that the Government of India should take upon itself the sacred work of universal enrolment and universal retention at the Elementary stage. In fact it is the responsibility of the action to educate its citizens. (4) Dearth of Money: Inadequacy of money is a serious problem that confronts primary schools. Income of the local institutions responsible for primary education is so much limited that they are totally incapable of meeting the expenditure of compulsory education.To meet the requirements of compulsory basis education it was estimated that an annual expenditure of Rs. 269. 5 crores will be required. But in the First Five Year Plan the allocation was Rs. 93 crores and this allocation was reduced to Rs. 89 crores in the Second Plan. So sincere and honest efforts should be made to educate as many children as possible so as to banish illiteracy to the maximum extent possible. Only after abolition of illiteracy, quality of education as a matter of importance should come. (5) Dearth of Trained Teachers: There is shortage of trained teachers to make Elementary Education Universal and compulsory.Nowadays, the young teachers do not wish to work in rural areas. But the fact remains that majority of Primary Schools are in rur al areas. The chief reason of non-availability of suitable teachers is that teaching work is not attractive for many persons, since the salary of primary teachers is hopelessly low. The condition of Scheduled areas is still more miserable. The hilly and impassable jungle areas with very poor communication and transport facilities fail to attract the present day luxury-loving young men.Teachers should be provided with proper residence in the villages of their work. The question of Women teachers is very much special. So the question of teacher's quarters, residential schools, especially residential Ashram Schools in the Scheduled areas should be provided. The quality of teachers can be improved by executing a training progrmme for the untrained teachers in service on basis of study-leave basis. (6) Establishment and School Buildings: Even the Third and Fourth All India Educational Surveys indicate that even now there are lakhs of villages and habitations without schools.There are nea rly 4 lakhs schoolless villages in India which are to be given schools. It is not that easy to provide necessary funds for setting up such a large number of schools with buildings and other equipments. In order to meet this problem of new buildings along with the existing schools in private houses, temples, verandah of rich persons, residence of teachers etc. should be met by construction of low cost houses of thatch or tile with local materials; looking to the weather conditions of certain places open air stands may be taken up in the ShantiNiketan pattern.All the same, the Primary schools should have accommodations of their own as far as practicable. Problem of school houses along with the problem of lack of teachers in all the primary schools can be solved through shift system in the existing schools. In order to enrol the additional age-group 6-14 children additional section rooms should be constructed. (7) Unsuitable Curriculum: The curriculum for primary schools is narrow and unsuitable to the local needs. The curriculum should be interesting for the children for its continuance.Learning by work should replace the emphasis on monotonous bookish knowledge. Education of craft should be given in the primary schools in accordance with the local needs and requirements. But the schemes of craft education in the primary schools should not of highly expensive ones. (8) Wastage and Stagnation: It is another major problem and great obstacle for universalization of Elementary Education. Out of every 100 students enrolled in class – I more than half leave schools by Class IV, only 32 pupils reach class V and only 26 reach class VIII.This is due to the lack of educational atmosphere, undesirable environment, lack of devoted teachers, poor economic condition of parents, absence of proper equipment etc. In order to check such massive wastage and stagnation at the primary stage, existing educational system and curriculum should be reformed, teaching method should be interesting, school buildings should be adequate and neat and clean, and the parents should be educated. These may help the problem of wastage and stagnation to be solved. (9) Natural Obstacles: Natural barriers are the great obstacles in the way of expansion of compulsory education.The village and small habitations in areas of Himalayan regions, Kashmir, Garhwal, Almora with less population are situated in distances apart. So also the desert areas in Rajasthan, the dense forest areas in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and many Southern States create problems for expected enrolment. These are very very difficult areas with lack of communication and of Education and School Organization absence of transport. It is desirable to make provision, for schooling facilities even in small habitations without leaving much for mobility of small children in the severe cold, heat or heavy rains 10) Social Evils: Social evils like superstition, illiteracy faith in ancient conventions and customs , child marriages, untouchability, pardah system etc. create innumerable obstacle in the expansion of compulsory primary education. Still man; persons get their sons and daughters married at a very minor age against the Child Marriage Prohibition Act and deprive these school-going children of the fruits of education. Because of illiteracy and ignorance these social evils grow. The educated young men and women should volunteer themselves to remove these evils of society in their neighbourhood.Against these social evils, the work of expansion of universal enrolment should not be slackened, since social evils flourish because of illiteracy and ignorance. (11) Language Problem: 1961 Census reports about 826 languages and 1652 dialects in the country. The Constitution of India, 1950 mentions 14 languages, which can be made medium of education. Compulsory education has not been fully introduced among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and denotified tribes in the country. This is d ue to the hindrances of languages as medium of education.In the Five Year Plans the incentive programmes of free text-books, free uniform, stipends in hostels, and conversion of Residential Ashram Schools etc. do not improve matters much. The responsibility of education of these castes and tribes, who are staggering under the weight of misery and poverty for centuries, should not be left alone on Govt. Voluntary and philanthropic organization and people should come forward to assist the Government in this sacred and significant work of the nation.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia occurs in about 1 out of 500 African American births, and 1 out of 36,000 Hispanic births. It is a lifelong disease, and sometime can be deadly. According to Dr. Whittaker, in our region there are abnormally higher cases of Sickle Cell Anemia, so I found it important to learn more about the disease, what cause it, what are the symptoms as well as the options of treatments for this disease. According to www. invista. com, it is believed that sickle cell disease occurs more often in people from parts of the world where â€Å"malaria† is or was common. Also the coincident of people who carry the sickle cell trait are less likely to catch malaria make a lot of us wonder of these two diseases are associated. â€Å"In the 1940s, E. A. Beet, a British medical officer stationed in Northern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), observed that blood from malaria patients who had sickle cell trait had fewer malarial parasites than blood from patients without the trait. † ( innvista) There are researchers have came up with several links between the two diseases. Malaria† is caused by a type of parasite that completes its life cycle in human’s red blood cell. This parasite enters the bloodstream with the aid of a female (Anopheles) mosquito. With individual who has Sickle Cell Anemia, the red blood cell break down when infected with this parasite disallow the development of the â€Å"malaria† parasite. There are others explanation such as: Hb S in Sickle Cell individual leads to the polymerization of hemoglobin and this prevent the parasite from ingest the hemoglobin which it needs for its life cycle, therefore the parasite get destroyed. Also the parasites of â€Å"Malaria† need oxygen for their development however a patient with Sickle Cell Anemia can’t provide them just that, therefore they cannot continue their life cycle. There are still questions regarding the relationship between Sickle Cell Anemia and â€Å"malaria†, but the explanations offered are quite interested. Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherit disease. An individual who has two copies of the trait will inherit Sickle Cell Anemia from the parents. Those people who only have one copy of this trait will become a carrier for Sickle Cell Anemia, and if their husband or wife also a carrier, the disease will keep passing on. â€Å"In Sickle Cell Anemia, the havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin s (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule†( Marieb 642). It is amazing how one tiny change in our body can has such dramatic effect, but on the other hand they all possible; human’s body is extremely complex. The disease has to do with the protein hemoglobin found in human red blood cell. A normal person’s red blood cell has a round, doughnut shape without the whole in the middle; however a sickled red blood cell will take on a crested moon shape, and these sickled cells are fragile and prone to rupture. The normal life span of a healthy red blood cell is about 120 days before spleen takes out the bad ones and the bone marrow replace them. The sickle cells will go bad in only about 10 to 20 days. Imagine the spleen has to work extra hard to get rid of these bad blood cells, and with patients of sickle cell anemia about all of their hemoglobins are bad, therefore spleen has to take out all of them; that’s why these patients have to get their blood transfuse regularly. These sickled cells after got produced by red bone marrow can go back and forth between being normally shaped and sickle shaped until they eventually become sickle shaped permanently. And Instead of moving through the bloodstream easily like normal red blood cells, these sickle cells are very sticky and so they can clog blood vessels. These events interfere with oxygen delivery, leaving the victims gasping for air and extreme pain. Bone and chest pain are particularly severe, and infection and stroke are common sequels. † ( Marieb 642). Sickle cell anemia produces a chronic anemia which may become life- threatening when hemolytic crises, which is the breakdown of red blood cells, which is when bone m arrow fails to produce blood cells. These crises occur under condition of low oxygen, such as during intense exercises, masses of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell cut out its normal disk shape. For some individual the â€Å"crises† can last hours, days or even weeks; some has â€Å"crises† once a year, for others they occur way more often. There are several symptoms that can be diagnosed as soon as infant is four months old. â€Å"The clinical course of sickle cell anemia does not follow a single pattern; some patients have mild symptoms, and some have very severe symptoms. The basic problem, however, is the same: the sickle-shaped red blood cells tend to get stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood† (Bownas, Jennifer). And they are: the period of pain (mentioned above), hand-foot syndrome ( babies with swollen hands and feet), jaundice (yellowish color found on the baby’s skin or/and in the white parts of their eyes), frequent infections, Delayed growth and puberty in children and often a slight build in adults. The slow rate of growth is caused by a shortage of red blood cells. There is also vision problem, because of the eyes not getting enough nourishment from circulating red blood cells, these types of damages can be serious enough to cause blindness if not discover on time. Sickle Cells Anemia is a disease with many complications, and all of them are dangerous for patient’s health. One of which is referred to as ERD (exercise-related death). This scenario happens when a patient with Sickle Cells Anemia attend into a lot of physical practice. â€Å"The possibility that previously healthy young people with sickle cell trait might suffer increased mortality from exercise was first suggested by observations of enlisted recruits in US Armed Forces basic training. A military trainee with Hb AS suffered exercise related hypernatremia during physical training in the field. He only survived a critical illness that included acute renal failure because of dialysis† (Kark, John). And also during that single summer, there were already four deaths among recruiting at this area, all of them were black and had Sickle Cells Anemia. So John Kark, whom is the author of this article, was very positive about the significant risk associate between Sickle Cells and ERD. And I think this is reasonable, because the nature of Sickle Cell Anemia is to decrease dramatically the amount of red blood cell circulating in the human’s body, which will cause the lack of oxygen in multiple organs and muscles in the body. And when an individual with Sickle Cell try so hard on these physical activities and keep pushing themselves forward, it’s hard to avoid damage to the body, which is very unfortunate. Another big complication with Sickle Cell Anemia is infections. Patients of this disease are extremely prone to infection due to their abnormal red blood cells. Recently the screening tests for Sickle Cell Anemia were required for newborns. Before this happen, 35% of infant with Sickle Cell died from infection. The most common bacteria that usually attack these infants are treptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza which can cause pneumonia, blood infections, or meningitis). A death can occur to these infants only a few hours after the fever. Acute Chest Syndrome is also yet another dangerous complication of Sickle Cell Disease. It is the leading cause of illness among the Sickle Cell Anemia patients. â€Å"Pulmonary disease, manifested as the acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a common complication of sickle cell anemia. It is the second most common cause of hospitalization in persons with sickle cell anemia and accounts for 25% of premature deaths. † (Gladwin, Mark) ACS occurs when the lung tissues are starved for oxygen during a crisis. ACS can be caused from infection that lead us back to Sickle Cell Anemia, to blockage of blood vessels which also remind us of Sickle Cell disease, because of the sickle red blood cells with their crested moon shape, as mentioned earlier, instead of moving smoothly along the blood stream, these sickle cells are very sticky and tend to block the blood vessels. There are a few symptoms that can be recognized such as: high fever, rapid breathing, wheezing or cough, and finally acute chest pain. As of today, the only potential cure of Sickle Cell Anemia is bone marrow transplant. However according to the mayo clinic’s website, it is extremely difficult to find a matching donor and also, the procedure is very risky and can be life threatening. So for treating Sickle Cell Anemia, there are more aims to reduce the pain of the â€Å"crises†. As a result, treatment for sickle cell anemia is usually aimed at avoiding crises, relieving symptoms and preventing complications† (Mayo Clinic Staff). Sickle Cell Anemia victims always have to take antibiotics because of their sensitivity, they are prone for infection. Blood transfusion is an option, with this procedure the patient will get supplied with healthy red blood cells from donors, but this can also be risky, because the new red blood cells also carry with them irons, this can c ause excessive iron build up in patients’ body; so people who get blood transfusion also need others treatments to reduce iron level. A prescription drug called Hydroxyurea is usually used to treat cancer can be use in the severe case of Sickle Cell Anemia for adults; it reduces the frequency of painful crises and may reduce the need for blood transfusions. When one experience â€Å"crises†, it can be helpful to have supplemental oxygen, which provides extra oxygen and help breathing easier. Doctors and scientists still in the lab to experiment some more possible cure for Sickle Cell Anemia patients, hopefully they will be successful in finding a complete ure. Sickle Cell Anemia is a serious lifelong disease. It is hard to live with it, and it is just as hard to live with a loved one that has Sickle Cell Anemia. The â€Å"Health Education Research† of Oxford Journal has done a study on mothers who have children with Sickle Cells in Western Nigeria :â€Å" Financial stress and disease factors were met with confrontation, while family sources of stress were either complained about, accepted or avoided. (Olley, Lydia) Oxford Journal also mentioned that less educated family members (especially the mothers) get in more stress than others â€Å"Higherlevels of stress were associated with less educated and older women† (Olley, Lydia). Hopefully in the near future, there will be more education, counseling about Sickle Cell Anemia to everyone, so we can take care of the patients better, and bring better attitude and hope toward them, because I believe they need that the most especially from a family member. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects the 11th chromosome which is a hemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is a protein located in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen through the body. This disorder is inherited from two parents with abnormal genes that are heterozygous (Rr). This means that both parents who have the trait may pass on the disorder to their offspring. The phenotype makeup is recessive. Those who inherit a normal copy of the chromosome 11 and a mutated chromosome will carry the trait, though would not show any symptoms. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible to fit thought small vessels.Sickle cell anemia causes these blood cells to stiffen and curve, almost like a crescent moon. The abnormal cells (erythrocytes) become stuck and block a narrow vessel which disables oxygen to pass through and causes pain and damage to organs. Many organs such as the liver and spleen become damaged due to lack of oxygen. When the spleen becomes damaged, patience will ex perience many infections. Pain is also caused by the sickle blood cells becoming caught in vessels called crises. Jaundice (yellowness to eyes and skin) can occur in babies due to liver damage. Sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed by a simple blood test, mostly to newborns.The blood test given to those who weren’t tested at birth is called the hemoglobin electrophoresis. It determines if you have the disease or is a carrier of the trait. It can be treated by blood transfusions from a donor with healthy blood cells, or a bone marrow transplant. Some interesting facts are that: normal blood cells can live up to 120 days, but sickle blood cells live up to 10 to 20 days. When the red blood cells are damaged, the body kills the red blood cells off which causes chronic anemia. African Americans are mostly affected with this disease due to inter-marriage. in 12 African Americans have the trait and 1 in 500 actually have the disease. Also, Sickle cell anemia can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The humid, wet climate attracts mosquitos and the mosquitos transport malaria. Surprisingly, those with Sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria. The last interesting fact is that my mother is actually a carrier of the Sickle cell trait. My older sister and I weren’t affected of the trait because our father didn’t carry any defected chromosome. Unfortunately, my little sister, Joy, is also a carrier of the trait even though her father isn’t affected. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects the 11th chromosome which is a hemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is a protein located in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen through the body. This disorder is inherited from two parents with abnormal genes that are heterozygous (Rr). This means that both parents who have the trait may pass on the disorder to their offspring. The phenotype makeup is recessive. Those who inherit a normal copy of the chromosome 11 and a mutated chromosome will carry the trait, though would not show any symptoms. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible to fit thought small vessels.Sickle cell anemia causes these blood cells to stiffen and curve, almost like a crescent moon. The abnormal cells (erythrocytes) become stuck and block a narrow vessel which disables oxygen to pass through and causes pain and damage to organs. Many organs such as the liver and spleen become damaged due to lack of oxygen. When the spleen becomes damaged, patience will ex perience many infections. Pain is also caused by the sickle blood cells becoming caught in vessels called crises. Jaundice (yellowness to eyes and skin) can occur in babies due to liver damage. Sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed by a simple blood test, mostly to newborns.The blood test given to those who weren’t tested at birth is called the hemoglobin electrophoresis. It determines if you have the disease or is a carrier of the trait. It can be treated by blood transfusions from a donor with healthy blood cells, or a bone marrow transplant. Some interesting facts are that: normal blood cells can live up to 120 days, but sickle blood cells live up to 10 to 20 days. When the red blood cells are damaged, the body kills the red blood cells off which causes chronic anemia. African Americans are mostly affected with this disease due to inter-marriage. in 12 African Americans have the trait and 1 in 500 actually have the disease. Also, Sickle cell anemia can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The humid, wet climate attracts mosquitos and the mosquitos transport malaria. Surprisingly, those with Sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria. The last interesting fact is that my mother is actually a carrier of the Sickle cell trait. My older sister and I weren’t affected of the trait because our father didn’t carry any defected chromosome. Unfortunately, my little sister, Joy, is also a carrier of the trait even though her father isn’t affected.

Should Medical Marijuana Be Legal - 2220 Words

Cannabis Lives Matter Picture this, a woman mid 50’s, stage three terminal cancer. The doctors’ have concluded that the cancer is incurable. To make matters worse, she is going through common symptoms of the chemotherapy like pain, depression, nausea, and loss of appetite. It’s not enough that she is dying, but her final moments will be in extreme discomfort. Medical marijuana has proven to succor these symptoms, so the patients last moments in this world are pleasant. The plant, marijuana, derived from the Indian hemp plant, it contains an active ingredient THC. Its classification described as a psychogenic, narcotic, and a hallucinogen. Under federal law, marijuana is a schedule 1 controlled substance with no established medical uses. The extensive benefits pertaining to medical marijuana have shown to relieve chronic pain, severe nausea, and aid in the increase of appetite for anorexic patients. Pharmacists and doctors are aware of the potential benefits in pr escribing medical marijuana, but lack the extensive knowledge necessary to accurately prescribe it. The federal legalization has rarely confronted until this presidential campaign, a few candidates have kindled the flame for medicinal advocates, which is leading to the awareness of the cause. Their has also been constant controversy over the past decades about the advantages and disadvantages of legalizing for medical gain. The arguments continuously sway back and forth between the positive and negative sides...TheShow MoreRelatedMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal904 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Marijuana Although marijuana is illegal and lacks FDA approval it should be used to treat cancer. Opponents of medical marijuana argue that it is too dangerous to use, lacks FDA approval, and that various legal drugs make marijuana use unnecessary. They believe marijuana is addictive, leads to harder drug use, and injures the lungs, immune system, and brain. They also believe that medical marijuana is a front for drug legalization and recreational use. Benefit that it is isn’t a great treatmentRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legal?1249 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 1, 2017 Medical Marijuana Informative Unless you ve been living under a rock, you have probably at some point in the last few years had a conversation with a friend or family member regarding medical marijuana. Although it is considered a controversial topic, in recent months it has been gaining approval by the public. But it does not come without opposition and arguments. Medical marijuana is a complex subject and still requires more education for the public, the medical community, and theRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal1477 Words   |  6 Pagesacross the nation believe that medical marijuana can provide a variety of benefits ranging from pain relief to increasing appetite. Others won’t provide the drug to patients until more significant evidence is presented. The drug has been a topic of debate for many years, but one thing that researchers can always count on is a growing library of testimonials from patients who have legally experimented with the drug to manage their conditions. As it stands, mari juana has had a different impact in eachRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmost commonly referred to as marijuana. Medical marijuana refers to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms (Wikipedia.com). Cannabis contains two active ingredients inside called cannabinoids (CBD) along with the delta-g-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The medicinal and psychoactive effects that personally associate with marijuana are caused by unique structures of cannabinoids. In addition, the major psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC, which additionallyRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legal?1778 Words   |  8 Pagesusing medical marijuana for chronic pain outweigh the risks? Medical Marijuana is a topic we have all heard a couple of times in the past years. It has been a debatable topic since there seems to be a lot of opinions on what should be and shouldn’t be legal. Some say its benefits outweigh anything else, and some others state that there is a hazard involved with this drug. There are studies on both sides of the question that demonstrate what appear to be clear benefits for medical marijuana, asRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmedicinal utility of marijuana. However, the federal government opposes passing legislation that would legalize medical marijuana because of its potential to be abused or unregulated. The states are continuously challenging the federal government causing complications in legislation in regards to medical marijuana. Because of its history of medicinal properties and accumulating amounts of state and local legislation, the federal government should decriminalize medical marijuana an d legalize its useRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal1053 Words   |  5 PagesMedical marijuana, also called cannabis, is used in some places as a medication to treat diseases and symptoms. Many people consider it helpful and harmless making it the most used illicit drug in North America. With legalizing medical marijuana people can alleviate some health problems and help ease physical pain, but it also can bring many concerns, questions, and responsibility. Legalizing cannabis can help many people with their health conditions. There are some advantages to taking medicalRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legal?1591 Words   |  7 Pagesdebated topic on marijuana legalization is widely argued. Whether it’s for medical or recreational usages, this topic is reaching boiling point. The complicity on the legalities of marijuana has reached a point in society where legal usage has been popping up across the country. In the medical sector, studies have shown benefits, and harmful effects in patients. Some physicians support, however some physicians do see health concerns that influence their stance on whether medical marijuana laws are toRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal897 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Cannabis Weed Cannabis, also known as Marijuana has many effects to it. In recent years officials have decided that it should be used for medical usage. They have found out that it helps many medical conditions. Medical cannabis has many things that could cure. Studies has shown that it slows the response time in the synapses in the brain it helps the brain heal. For example if someone was in a bad wreck it allows the brain to eventually heal. Because it is unlike other prescribed drugs weedRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal860 Words   |  4 Pagesthat medical marijuana might be useful in reducing this pressure. Marijuana has also became a common sight in the medicine cabinets of patients suffering from HIV/AIDS and many different forms of cancer. Cannabis consumptions has been known for its ability to stimulate appetite commonly referred to as â€Å"getting the munchies.† Medical marijuana can successfully benefit its patients with HIV or cancer by helping generate an appetite through the use of plant. Researchers have shown that medical cannabis