Drawing on your Mulvey and Neale readings, as well as Tasker's Essay - 2

Drawing on your Mulvey and Neale readings, just as Tasker's conversation, examine the portrayal of manliness in one of - Essay Example As clear in the film, manliness has both physical and mental control over gentility. As indicated by Carroll, John McLane in the Die Hard arrangement is a prime case of this: ‘studies in the film field give explicit consideration to the Herculean physical exhibitions and terrific body appearances of featuring characters’ (Carroll, 2003, p. 54). Despite the fact that champions assume significant jobs in numerous effective movies, the vast majority of these female characters are known distinctly corresponding to the male legend. This is to a limited extent because of male control in our general public. This paper will examine the portrayal of manliness in Die Hard 2. This investigation will fuse a study from crafted by Mulvey (1975), Neale (1983) and Tasker (2004). Fanatic 2 spotlights on the narrative of a New York cop, John McLane. The initial scene is determined to Christmas Eve, when McLane visits his far off spouse, who lives in Los Angeles (Gates 2006, p. 35). McLane has what Rzepka and Horsley (2010, p. 89) term as ‘unresolved issues’. It is a result of these issues that McLane isn't on acceptable standing with his significant other. Upon McLane’s appearance, he discovers his isolated spouse at an office Christmas celebration; be that as it may, assumed political fear mongers attack the structure. The film at that point depicts the chivalrous demonstrations of John McLane with the goal that he can spare his significant other from the fear based oppressors. In Die Hard 2, as in many activity motion pictures, manly characters are depicted with virile physical ability and social strength. Another significant part of manly saints is their over the top hostility. Earlier investigations concerning Hollywood’s introduction of male kinds have described Die Hard 2 as a male-driven activity film, with the ‘presentation of the lead saint as a macho man’ (Milestone and Meyer 2012, p. 50). This is expected to McLaneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s awesome capacity to wrestle his adversaries, which is a quality of the legend in male-driven movies. Truth be told, Carroll (2003, p. 79) remarks that the ‘physical manliness of an activity legend gives a particular tone for the activity narrative’. It ought to be noticed that the crowd acknowledges chivalry fron male characters in filmst whil, female bravery is less satisfactory to film audiences (Le Guin, 1993, p. 5). This is a direct result of the idea that guys are genuinely and intellectually more grounded than females. Rzepka and Horsley (2010, p. 61) characterize manliness in film as ‘an sentiment that a movie producer plans to convey that includes physical ability, sexual virility and aggression’. Doors (2006), Bould (2005) and Berg (2002) all help this thought in some structure or another. Entryways (2006, p. 58) contends that Die Hard 2 spotlights on rawness; the way that McLane is shown as a legend ‘forms a fundamental element of a film’s visual effects’. Then again, Bould (2005, p. 59) states that writing on activity saints examines the body above sexuality, race, class and nationality. In an alternate way, Berg (2002, p. 80) accepts that pundits to a great extent extolled the Die Hard arrangement due to ‘John McLane’s capacity to withstand physical ambushes in spite of his age’. Subsequently, the physical appearance of the saint assumes a significant job in drawing in crowds to activity arranged movies, for example, Die Hard 2. To demonstrate this point, envision if Rowan Atkinson were to assume the legend job in the film. While he is broadly acknowledged among general society as a comic, he has never been appeared as a genuine activity or sentimental saint. This is presumably because of the more fragile body of Atkinson contrasted with that of average activity saints. One thing that can't be contended against is

Free Essays on Rosencratz & Guildenstern Are Dead

â€Å"There's a holiness that shapes our ends,† is a subject that echoes through the vast majority of the Shakespearean play Hamlet and the new contemporary bit of work by Tom Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Unrestrained choice, as an idea, is talked about existentially in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead since the entire play happens amidst Hamlet itself, and along these lines Rosencrantz and Guildenstern can't really break liberated from the fate doled out to them by Shakespeare. Hamlet, himself a character in a play, appreciates an all the more unfenced of decisions and choices with which to shape his predetermination, and these decisions pre-dermine the way of different characters in the play. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, themselves on-screen characters, can talk about their choices, and potential situations which they could take, yet since they are limited by what Shakespeare composed and pre-dermined for them, they need to follow that accurate way. Ros: How captivating! I expense like an onlooker a horrifying business. The main thing that makes it tolerable is the silly conviction that someone fascinating will arrive in a moment. (pg. 40) While talking about passerby’s, Rosencrantz hits upon exactly the same difficulty that overhangs them all through the entire play. They are nothing increasingly then observers to the way that their reality is passing them by with no contribution from them, and the main alleviation to this issue would be for somebody intriguing to come and divert them. This somebody could maybe be the heavenly element or Hamlet. Guil: What a fine oppression to be kept charmed without ever very being edified. (pg. 40) In Hamlet they appreciate a substantially more liberal feeling of unrestrained choice, while simultaneously as yet being restricted to the story brought to the by the decisions that Hamlet makes. They are constantly given significance by another person, either through their kinship with Hamlet, or through the cooperative attitude of the lord, who gives them an undertaking to finish, along these lines giving them d... Free Essays on Rosencratz and Guildenstern Are Dead Free Essays on Rosencratz and Guildenstern Are Dead â€Å"There's a heavenliness that shapes our ends,† is a subject that echoes through the majority of the Shakespearean play Hamlet and the new contemporary bit of work by Tom Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Through and through freedom, as an idea, is examined existentially in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead since the entire play happens amidst Hamlet itself, and in this way Rosencrantz and Guildenstern can't really break liberated from the predetermination alloted to them by Shakespeare. Hamlet, himself a character in a play, appreciates an all the more unfenced of decisions and choices with which to shape his predetermination, and these decisions pre-dermine the way of different characters in the play. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, themselves on-screen characters, can talk about their choices, and potential situations which they could take, however since they are limited by what Shakespeare composed and pre-dermined for them, they need to follow that precise way. Ros: How charming! I charge like an observer a horrifying business. The main thing that makes it tolerable is the nonsensical conviction that someone intriguing will arrive in a moment. (pg. 40) While talking about passerby’s, Rosencrantz hits upon exactly the same predicament that overhangs them all through the entire play. They are nothing progressively then onlookers to the way that their reality is passing them by with no contribution from them, and the main help to this quandary would be for somebody intriguing to come and divert them. This somebody could maybe be the perfect substance or Hamlet. Guil: What a fine abuse to be kept charmed without ever very being edified. (pg. 40) In Hamlet they appreciate a considerably more liberal feeling of through and through freedom, while simultaneously as yet being bound to the story brought to the by the decisions that Hamlet makes. They are constantly given significance by another person, either through their fellowship with Hamlet, or through the cooperative attitude of the ruler, who gives them an undertaking to finish, in this way giving them d...

Softer Ware Project Management Example

Softer Ware Project Management Example Softer Ware Project Management â€" Assignment Example > CROWDSOURCINGIntroduction This is the process of transferring and executing a task(s) traditionally performed by an expert/employee and outsourcing it to a random large group of people normally in an open call (Jeff Howe). The large group of people contributes a large number of ideas that are diverse and real. The information processed from this activity is then used in making decisions. Crowdsourcing does not have a solid definition since it is a wide field with different applications. Many businesses, parties, researchers, scholars and institutions have different definitions and uses of this business term. Crowdsourcing is also known as; fan sourcing, mass collaboration, crowd funding, collective customer commitment, open sourcing, open innovation, outsourcing, and wikinomics. It is a kind of a model whereby, people (crowd) helps a business firm in problem solving, generating ideas, consultancy, feedback and other services. The people, in most situations will not receive any con siderations for their job. The group is usually undefined for example, people from all over the globe commenting on a topic highlighted in a blog. This makes the number of responses to be large and the data collected to be diverse. The wisdom of the public is mainly the main goal. In the modern world, crowdsourcing is considered to be a cheap way of diagnosing problems in a more informed way to grow and develop business firms. Some years ago, crowdsourcing was not common and organizations did not realize the importance of such a process. Today, project managers have to be fully equipped with knowledge about the practice in order to perform competitively. CROWDSOURCING STRATEGIESThere are four main types of crowdsourcing strategies: Crowd funding- also known as crowd financing or crowd sourced capital. This is a strategy whereby the people (crowd) commit their funds to solve a particular problem. The funds may be contributed to support campaigns, to provide relief, to provide schoo l bursaries, to provide scholarships, to establish a body, to support an artist, to appreciate a person, for disaster management, to support a team in sports, to insure against a risk, to support a project and many other purposes. This method is cheap and efficient. It is usually done via the banks, ATMs (automatic teller machines), internet, media, phones, public gatherings and institutions. These are places where you can find a lot of people and gain their attention. The most common type of crowd funding is charity activities like sweepstakes, national walks and campaigns. Sometimes, it is an appreciation by the public for creative work or impressive work done by the crowd sourcing individual/party. The crowdsourcing party may offer prizes, awards and/or kudos to promote the crowd to make more contributions. The firm organizing the crowd sourcing may look for supporters and hosts to attract more crowds. They may also apply models such as a pledging system, thank you cards/messag es to promote more contribution. The SMEs (small and medium enterprises) could highly benefit from crowdsourcing. The project managers need to alert the public the kind of services they offer and the importance of the services. Most people are very willing to support SMEs provided they are aggressive in providing services/solution for a public need/problem.

The Crucible And The Film `` High Noon `` - 918 Words

The term â€Å"honor† has been around since the manifestation of organized society, metamorphosing according to culture, religion, time period, and geography. Originally, a person’s honor was determined by society, but the term has evolved to become more personal, or self-evaluated. The primary characters of the play The Crucible and the film â€Å"High Noon†, though varying in certain ways, exhibit this particular â€Å"self-evaluated† honor. In the strict Puritan society presented in The Crucible, John Proctor’s honor is solely dependent on how honest he believes he is. In the Western town of Hadleyville, we are introduced to marshal Will Kane of â€Å"High Noon†, whose personal honor depends on fulfilling his professional duty. Despite the differences in†¦show more content†¦We see a profound shift in Proctor’s idea of himself as he faces his death, claiming: â€Å"for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Pr octor† (Miller 144). With his final decision to not confess to a false accusation, he has redeemed himself by preserving his highly revered honesty, reducing his intense internal guilt, and ultimately restoring his personal honor. Despite being given the opportunity to escape this accusation, Proctor’s honor code compels him to give up his life, thus preventing the accusations against other members of his community from gaining any credibility. In the film â€Å"High Noon†, protagonist Will Kane faces a critical issue that directly affects his honor. He is confronted with the choice of staying and risking his life, or leaving town as planned, but violating his honor code. The infamous killer Frank Miller has returned and is an immediate threat to the town, and from the frightened appearances of the townspeople, it is clear that he is not to be underestimated. Meanwhile, Kane is due to leave town with his wife, but decides that he cannot because he feels that, as the one who got Miller arrested, he is responsible for ensuring that Miller does not become a threat to anyone in Hadleyville. This urges him to stay,Show MoreRelatedHigh Noon Analysis938 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual, regardless of other interpretations. An individual would build their honor manifesto on the values they deem necessary to live an honorable life, honorable according to their definition. In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, John Proctor priori tizes love. Will Kane, from the film â€Å"High Noon†, directed by Fred Zinnemann, values responsibility. John Proctor and Will Kane live life in accordance with an honor manifesto based on the principles they prioritize, love and responsibility, however,Read MoreThe Culture of the Cold War Essay3260 Words   |  14 Pageswho was imprisoned for the same situation, Kazan couldn’t direct movies in jail like Miller could write in jail. Miller went on to write a brilliant satire about his and all of the other â€Å"witch hunts† for communists that were occurring called The Crucible. Weak and underhanded cases like these eventually killed off HUAC in the early sixties. After Alger Hiss they never found another traitor. Like McCarthy people started ignoring them and then began to speak out about how they really felt about themRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesbasement apartment. Housing for blacks was almost nonexistent, and rents w ere high because of the migration of Southern blacks to Northern industrial cities during World War I. White European immigrants also lived in Cleveland and competed with blacks for jobs and housing. Unable to find work, Homer and Carrie Clark moved to Chicago, leaving fourteen-year-old Langston alone in a rented room in Cleveland. Central High School became a safe haven for Langston. Although few black students attendedRead MoreCeramics: Pottery and Clay17443 Words   |  70 Pagesengineering, as we know it today, is advanced and involves state-of-the-art processes. The material is inert and inorganic, with a crystalline oxide base. The resultant product is always brittle, but strong in compression. Ceramic is able to withstand very high temperatures and chemical erosion and survives well even in a strong caustic environment. Traditional raw materials that go into manufacture of ceramic including kaolinite, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide and aluminum oxide or alumina. CeramicRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOpening Vignette (Testing NFL Quarterbacks) †¢ New feature: glOBalization! †¢ New Myth or Science? (â€Å"Work Is Making Us Fat†) †¢ Discussion of the implications of the Great Recession †¢ New material on legal issues †¢ Updated discussion of the effects of high performance work practice on employee attitudes and behavior †¢ Expanded discussion of the effects of staffing decisions on employee turnover †¢ New section on Job Performance and Workplace Civility †¢ New material related to performance appraisals and

Polanski’s Version of Macbeth Essay - 2151 Words

Polanski’s Version of Macbeth Prior to discussing its validity, Pearlman’s assertion requires some clarification. It is understood to suggest that through the depiction of tenth or eleventh century Scotland, Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and Polanski’s cinematic version of it, present particular views of the political world.[1] The issues, which the play and the film raise, are generic, in that they can apply beyond the specific setting. Although Pearlman records Polanski’s own observation that the scene in which Macduff’s castle is invaded draws on his own life experiences,[2] his assertion does not suggest that the play and film represent the comprehensive worldviews of Shakespeare and Polanski†¦show more content†¦The early scenes of Polanski’s Macbeth mirror and expand upon elements of pessimism in Shakespeare’s play. The opening scene of the film reinterprets that of the play by focusing on the impending demise of Cawdor and prefacing the transfer of th e mantle of ambition and disloyalty from Cawdor to Macbeth, which Shakespeare’s text subsequently implies. The beach on which the three witches meet is the same beach on which the fighting is later shown to have taken place and Cawdor captured. The circle, which they draw in the sand, symbolises Cawdor’s fate drawing to a close and the beginning of another cycle of disorder through Macbeth. The burying of a hangman’s noose previews Cawdor’s death, which Polanski dramatises later in the film, while the severed hand holding a dagger which is laid over the noose also previews that ‘dagger’ which ‘marshall’st’ Macbeth to murder Duncan (2.1.33 42).[4] Thus, ‘ere the set of sun’ and ‘When the hurly-burly’s done’ / When the battle’s lost and won’ Cawdor’s fate will be sealed and it will be time for the witches to ‘meet with Macbeth’ (1.1.5, 3-4 8). Amongst the possible interpretations of the role of the witches, which Shakespeare’s text permits, the opening scene of Polanski’s Macbeth emphasises their role as ‘weird sisters’ (3.4.132), instruments of fate.[5] They can beShow MoreRelatedMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1416 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s tragic play Macbeth is widely renowned and respected as one of the most influential works in history. Taylah Thirlwall compares Geoffrey Wright’s 2006 film to Roman Polanski’s 1971 film, and scrutinizes the portrayal of Masculinity. Using guns for swords and drugs for poison, the Melbourne’s Underground becomes a frolicking pitch for Wright’s Macbeth. Daggers, illusion and battling provides a framework into the highlighted theme of masculinity. What is masculinity, and theRead MoreMacBeth Versions Comparison Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesMacBeth versions comparison essay There are many differences between interpretations of William Shakespeares MacBeth. This essay wall contrast Shakespeares original version and a movie version by Roman Polanski produced in 1970. Three major differences will be discussed. One difference between Shakespeares and Polanskis version is the absence of the scene in England in Polanskis version. In the Original MacBeth, MacDuff goes to England to convince Malcolm to return and fight MacBethRead MoreThe Contrast Between Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Roman Polanski’s Macbeth1235 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Fera ENG3U0-D November 2nd, 2012 The Contrast between Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Roman Polanski’s Macbeth Shakespeare’s play  Macbeth  is a tragedy that plots the fall and death of once a great man, revealing how ambition can lead to downfall. Many directors and producers have tried to portray his play into modern films but Roman Polanski produced the most successful Macbeth film, but Roman Polanski’s movie Macbeth changes many details that the viewer is unable to fully experience the catharsisRead More Macbeth vs Scotland, PA Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pages Macbeth: The thin line between tragedy and dark humor. William Shakespeare’s Macbeth has always been considered one of the literary worlds most celebrated tragedies. It is arguably the darkest and most gruesome of his plays. The protagonist, Macbeth, is the poster child for tragic hero, â€Å"a literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy† (www.dictionary.com). And until recently we were satisfied with that†¦Read MoreMacbeth and Roman Polanski613 Words   |  3 PagesPolanski’s version is the best,polanski used this to vent his anger and depression from the horrific murder of his wife in california.This version put Goold to shame, it was published by the wealthy BBC. it’s superior. Scenes, wording and characters makes Polanski’s has more merit. This essay will show why Polanski film interpretation of macbeth is more sophisticated. The topics in macbeth is, Polanski makes Duncan murder come to life, Polanski version of the witches is more appropriate and it beingRead More What is drama? The Collins dictionary describes drama as a serious1360 Words   |  6 Pagesuntil he died. Shakespeares plays can be defined in three categories: Histories, Comedies and tragedies. One of the most famous tragedies is the play Macbeth also known as the Scottish play because some actors that played a part in the Macbeth play believe that it is cursed and that mentioning the name means bad luck. The actual king Macbeth was liked by the population of Scotland and did not go mad but he did murder king Duncan to become the king of Scotland. The play was performed as earlyRead More The Dramatic Significance of Act 3 Scene 4 of The Banquet Scene of William Shakespeares Macbeth1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dramatic Significance of Act 3 Scene 4 of The Banquet Scene of William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout this scene we can see that both versions have been created to show the best interpretation of the play Macbeth. Polanskis version is more realistic but I feel that it does not show the play in the way in which Shakespeare had intended as this version was created by a film producer who had added extra scenes and changed lines for some of the characters. He also usedRead More Macbeth - Conflict Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pageswhether or not conflict is central to the dramatic development of MACBETH, one must consider all the dramatic factors that contribute to the Shakespearean play. The gradual decline of the protagonist , the role portrayed by characters and the order in which the events occur, greatly influence the direction in which the development of the play takes place. After reading the text MACBETH, by Shakespeare and viewing the film version, directed by Roman Polanski, it is logical to see that ambition andRead MoreMacbeth - Conflict1586 Words   |  7 Pageswhether or not conflict is central to the dramatic development of MACBETH, one must consider all the dramatic factors that contribute to the Shakespearean play. The gradual decline of the protagonist , the role portrayed by characters and the order in which the events occur, greatly influence the direction in which the development of the pla y takes place. After reading the text MACBETH, by Shakespeare and viewing the film version, directed by Roman Polanski, it is logical to see that ambition andRead MoreEssay about Macbeth by William Shakespeare540 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth by William Shakespeare Macbeth, one of William Shakespeares shortest and bloodiest tragedies was written in 1606. Macbeth is also possibly the most memorable. It is a mysterious and somewhat powerful play. It has also attracted various film directors such as Polanski. Roman Polanski is famous for his horror and thriller - like films. He decided to express his interpretation on it and filmed an unexpected and different version of the play Macbeth.

Supporting A Family Free Essays

Due to the present economy, individuals must have a varied career in order to support their families above the poverty line. While this can provide an individual with a stressful existence it also provides them with the ability to become a stronger person from within. Companies are resorting to part-time employees in order to cut overhead costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting A Family or any similar topic only for you Order Now With a company resorting to part-time workers they can cut the cost of having benefits as well as lower wages. For the worker this begins a long week of working up to seven days just to obtain the typical 40 hours. This is an exhausting endeavor. This increases the amount of time a child must spend in daycare which in turn increases the costs concerned with the day care center. The parent feels that they are almost always on the go just to support their family. Unfortunately this takes time away from the family. It also increases the family cost, as they must shoulder the burden of paying for medical and dental costs. A positive aspect to having a varied career is the learned ability to become competent in many positions. This allows the individual a wider range in possible jobs. From a personal viewpoint this can and will provide the individual with a greater self-worth. Sometimes this inability to obtain permanent work with result in an individual going back to school. This would be to obtain the necessary degree that would result in a better or more secure employment position. I am personally in this category. I have decided after 10 years of being in the work world to return to school. During those 10 years I worked at least 5 different jobs. This was defiantly not rewarding to my self-esteem and to my family as they have had to cope with poverty. I have returned to school so that I may provide my family with enough funds to raise them above the poverty level and to provide myself with job security. The way that the current economy works seems to benefit the employer not the employee. I hope that the future will provide more for the worker with job security. The ability to have a single rewarding lifelong career seems to have been lost within the system. How to cite Supporting A Family, Essay examples

The Courage of a Former President free essay sample

History classes across America teach students that Ronald Reagan has served as one of the nations most influential and president’s of our nations history. But why does a president who also formerly acted and at one point in time held the position as the Governor of California have so much recognition among todays citizens? Ronald Reagan is known among the American people as a courageous man who risked his political career to triumph over the Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War. When the Free World needed inspiration and strength, Reagan provided it to those stuck under the brute force of the Soviet Union. Winston Churchill on March 5, 1946, commented â€Å"an iron curtain has descended across the Continent†(Churchill). Forty years later that still reigned true for those countries placed under the Soviet Unions control with unsuccessful attempts at retaliation from President Carter. It was not until with numerous defeats stacked up against America that President Reagan rallied with Margaret Thatcher of England and the Pope to rise against Communist forces around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Courage of a Former President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"From a secure position of military and economic power President Reagan intended not merely to contain Soviet communism but to reverse its gain and subdue it†,( Reagan Civiced). Reagan went against the policies President Carter had set for the nation, specifically those involving our military technology so that way America could meet the power of Soviet Russia tooth and nail. He believed the Soviet’s government controlled command economy could never keep pace with our free trade economy, so Reagan increased the import and export of military technology exponentially (History.net). â€Å"Timing was the reason President Reagan launched the invasion†(Al jazeera). America still reeled from the heavy military losses in Vietnam and the hostage crisis in Iran, so the success of this invasion into Grenada would boost the morale of the American population who had lost the fire of freedom and democracy in their hearts. â€Å"There were then about 10,000 of our citizens in Grenada 800 of them students in St. Georges University Medical School Concerned that they’d be harmed or held as hostages I ordered a flotilla of ships†¦ to circle south†¦ in thevicinity of Grenada†,(Mother Jones Reagan Televised Speech). Before that, the Russians had invaded Grenada and taken their prime minister Maurice and had him executed at gunpoint, leaving the leaderless under the control of Communist submission. If Ronald Reagan had not invaded and left Grenada without aid they could very well be under Communist control today and America would not the strength or resources today that it did under Reagans presidency to act against the advancement of the Soviet Union on weaker nations. Reagan truly risked his political career and supporters on the hopes to release Grenada from the Soviet Union along with other nations in order to do what was right for the Free world and not become seen as a weaker nation by the Soviet Union and the world.

ABC Marketing Plan Cultural Environment of China

Executive Summary This research paper explores and identifies business opportunities in existence in China for the ABC Limited Company. Being the largest holder of market share segment, ABC is positively skewed to reap the benefits from this expanding market in China.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on ABC Marketing Plan: Cultural Environment of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Detailed appraisal of language, social institutions, values and attitudes inclination of China clearly indicate that the company can easy enter into this expansive market and sustain growth in the same. This forms the basis for feasible investment position. With an already existing marketing structure in Australia, though currently dysfunctional, ABC should apply cauterization of marketing distribution channels within its wide established network alongside a strong financial arm in China in order to succeed. The challenges that ABC may face in the entry bid include limited political, cultural, social freedoms encircled in the communist administration of China. Besides, there are legal restrictions. However, the opportunities available outweigh the challenges. Putting into consideration of the external and internal dynamics, ABC should enter the China biscuits market in the next 16 months. Introduction Comprehensively, this paper seeks to establish a meticulous research and documentation of the results of the possibility of the ABC Limited establishing its China market in an attempt to expand its geographical quarter of operation. Besides, the essay will integrate the language, social institutions, values and attitudes and socio-cultural segmentation of the China market. In addition, legal and political influences are covered. Also, this paper attempts to present a detailed analysis of the action plan of the company, and its choice of penetration technique into the China market. Notwithstanding, the marketing need s of a detailed and workable blend that the company might employ to determine the suitability of China as a new market is also discussed. In a bid to establish an international investment opportunity, China displays a big potential with the several million citizens as ready consumers of biscuits product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As projected by the United Nations, China market will grow by 30 percent in the next two decade. Thus, foreign companies such as ABC are in a strategy position to tap this market for its products (Adler 2008). Doing Business in China.  Social Institutions Political Requirements Conformity The essential political requirements of ABC Limited towards the entry planning and development phases are those that impact directly on the stability of the China culture. The communist system of China is in the forefront of promoting investor opportunitie s. The rate at which the economy of China is growing is incredibly rapid and this has led to the diversification of the economy. Notwithstanding, this diversification of the economy has led to the definition of the inter dependence of ‘sectoral’ components of the economy that translate to the realization of a restricted business operation (Zou Lui 2011). Besides, the finance departments operating in China, foreign trade plays a great role in the market operations. Further, this interaction has a direct impact on the economic currency value of the country. Consequently, this could be the reason why the China authorities insist on promoting the available opportunities for investors (especially foreign) in an outlook of luring them to invest into the economy. In the long run, this will make it easier of ABC Company to penetrate into China’s economy. Demographic Segmentation The penetration strategy should be that which causes minimum disturbances to the company bot h in terms of financial resource and the daily organizational activities of the company. Almost one fifth of the world population dwells in China. The geographically huge country has very advanced civilization system which has existed for almost three millennia. The strong patriarchal hierarchical structure of family unit in China has been around for more than two and a half millennia as recorder in the Confucianism philosophy. The population of China stands at 1.35 billion and is projected to grow at 2.5 percent per annum. Due to the large population momentum, the big population provides ready market for finished product as they form the consumer bracket (Zou Lui 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on ABC Marketing Plan: Cultural Environment of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two general ways of differentiating and segmenting the China market would be through using the basic consumer based market s egmentation procedures and the enterprises’ opinion of the same. For consumer based segmentation technique, the company will be involved in the evaluation of the different groups in the given market and their specific and respective consumption needs. To a great extent this particular criterion lays strategic regards to the issue of the consumer involvement in the designing of the product. This type of consumer segmentation will be further categorized into several other processes of consideration (Byrnes, 2006). Sustainability and Freedom of the Media The second broad area of focus would be the suitability of the political arena for business. This will include the evaluation of the country’s history and present status of the political environment and its influences on the business cycles of a region. Basically, stable and peaceful political environments create room for the healthy interactions of the trade activities while unstable political situations would mean the i nverse of that. It is for this reason that ABC Limited should cautiously invest in China. To begin with, the ideological orientation of the persons of that region in terms of awareness through the freedom of communication or otherwise forms of personal rights administration may influence the performance of different products in an economy (Zou Lui 2011). For instance, in a country that freedom of expression is allowed and is independent for that matter there is the possibility of the general public getting to hear detailed information on products. In China, the freedom of speech is exercised within the controlled boundaries that will still enable ABC to practice media advertisement in these boundaries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, under the political environment is the government’s involvement in business activities of a country. The extent to which the government is seen to intervene in the economic environments could deter the development capacities of the businesses involved (Adler 2008). As a matter of fact, if this involvement is without the constitutional boundaries, the government may seek to entirely extort foreign investors to its own gain. This could be through unfair hiking of tax rates, unreasonable maximum price controls and the rights issues of the office bearers. All of the above are certainly going to impact negatively on the urge to economically associate with a given country. In this case study, at present, China being a democratic country does not depict any of the above economic vices. This could be a substantial reason as to why ABC Limited would invest in this country (Zhan Zhan 2012). In this meticulous case, the investors at hand have established that the China government is supportive in the development of not only its own economy but also that of the foreign investors. Thus, ABC would have to exercise restraint in its interaction within the administration and available market (Zhu Wan 2012). Values, Attitude and Language The laws and regulations set of elements such a trade restrictions could be a turn off to potential investors in they are unreasonably high of stressful. In a way, no one will ever want to venture into an economy whose host country has rigid rules and regulations (Xiaowen 2001). Also if the legal requirements of putting up a business structure are excessively many and unrealizable, it becomes economical to let go. In marketing, this situation is best defines a scenario in which a potential opportunity translates into a challenge. China has a reputation of setting moderate legal expectations of a business which would other are a repellant to investors. Less legal hurdles are to be experienced by the marketer at hand (Travis 2007). For the social dimension of the evaluation of the China market for the biscuits products of ABC Limited, it is necessary for the company to tailor its products to suit the acceptable cultural norms. This way, it is necessary for the marketer who is carrying out the research to evaluate the literacy levels of the China people (Song 2012). This will include the evaluation of the China education system and levels. Most importantly is to link the findings to the target market of ABC Limited’s products. By doing this, the marketer will establish the level of awareness of the people of China and especially now that the products at stake deal with agricultural technological advancement (Pang Lui 2011). Several questions may pop up during this feasibility study. Comprehensively, it would be necessary to establish how conversant the people of China are to technological advancements constantly changing a cross the global arena. Research has it that China though very populous, have a high percentage of the literate in its population (Byrnes, 2006). China has a high number of literate young who would be consuming the products of ABC Limited. The company could take this up as a business opportunity. The languages used in this country are basically the Chinese and English. The fact that the participants of the trade activity from either country share a common language, that is, English will facilitate the entry of ABC Limited. The access to the market (exchange negotiations or otherwise) could be a factor that would influence the pattern of trade in the biscuit industry (Stuart 2008). China has improved infrastructure systems in transportation and communication. This has played a major role in the improvement of delivery of social utilities. Moreover, the documentation of import regulations has made it clear that they are binding and any ambiguities are excluded from the equation (Roberts 2005). The provision of patent and trademark rights in China has helped elimi nate the chances of fraudulent attempts on a company’s product to ensure that the company is not disadvantaged. ABC Limited could take up this as an assurance of the protection to be offered to their products against illegal dealers though the registration process is very expensive in time and cost (Adler 2008). Findings China is a large market share that may trigger profitability. The sale of the products offered by ABC Limited will increase as a result of the acquisition of a new market from schools, colleges, hospitals to government corporations in China. They may choose to develop a franchise negotiation with ABC Limited. Since these products are not high perishable, storage arrangements can be deliberated on by both parties. Similarly, due to the expansion and development of the market share, there might be other potential buyers who may seek to make their material purchases through the company directly. The mode of selling the biscuits products could be designed to suit the China conservative culture (Deer Song 2012). In addition, recent research on economic projection confirms that China has a stable exchange rate on the balance of payments echelon. Consequently, ABC stands to gain in China as profits made in the host country are repatriated in mother country (World Bank 2007). Recommendations As the China government seeks to re-invent the economy and restore investors’ confidence, China market currently enjoys a relatively peaceful and economically stable business environment. Factually, the China nation seems to be embracing the spirit of globalization and economic liberalization with an upbeat positive mood of better focused economic growth accompanied by development. Thus, it is recommended that ABC should maximize the available opportunity to establish a structurally feasible marketing program as it has the advantage of knowledge on the China market segmentation and demand trends (Ambler 2000). In line with periodic marketing analysi s, the entry should be fast tracked within a period of not more than 18 months For various reasons, the provision of these products would be best done by sales persons of China native. This will increase the chances of credibility and ease on the interpersonal variables during product promotion and provision. The company can hire China sales persons and orient them on the product’s features and production processes and later send them as representative of ABC Limited in China. At this stage, it would be necessary to encourage and facilitate the company-agent relationship which has been found to go a long way in the creation of a healthy trade environment (Bucknall 2000). The products of ABC need to be integrated into the achievement of various organizational goals through the distribution processes to ensure that the products reach all designated customers. Correspondingly, ABC organization may seek to offer different packages and sizes for its products and other associated s ervices so that those customers, who buy in relatively smaller quantities but in bulk, are integrated in the marketing plan (Czinkota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Ang, Shanker, Ahmad, Lok 2009). Besides, the plan will offer a variety of different distributions channels that will be vital in the attraction of new customers. Conclusion Conclusively, the location of China is suitable for establishing market networks for ABC products. The availability of the market for ABC Company in the populous China market is a positive factor to be integrated in the marketing plan. A rational investor would seize this as an investment opportunity. Moreover, the currency’s stability and its minimal fluctuations would auger well with the business profit making objective. Thus, this country is a potential region for investment due to its economic stability, ready market, and the untapped market. References Adler, N. (2008). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Mason: Thomson South-Weste rn. Ambler, T. (2000). Doing Business in China, Economic Policy Journal, 11(3), 25-41 Bucknall, K. (2000). Cultural guide to doing business in China. London: Butterworth- Heinemann. Byrnes, M. (2006). Australia and the Asia game: the politics of business and economics in Asia. New South Wales: Allen Unwin. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M., Ang, S., Shanker, D., Ahmad, A., Lok, P. (2009). Fundamentals of International Business, Milton: John Wiley Sons. Deer, L., Song, L. (2012). China’s Approach to Rebalancing: A Conceptual and Policy Framework, China World Economy, 20(1), 1-26 Pang, C., Lui, J. (2011). Evidence on the Effects of Money Growth on Inflation with Regime Switching, China World Economy, 19(6), 19–36 Roberts, J. (2005). Defensive marketing: How a strong incumbent can protect its position. Harvard Business Review, 83 (11), 150-210. Song, Y. (2012). Poverty Reduction in China: The Contribution of Popularizing Primary Education. China World Econo my, 20(1), 105-122. Stuart, C. (2008). Enterprise Resource Planning Solutions for Growing Businesses. London: Palgrave Press. Travis, T. (2007). Doing Business Anywhere: The Essential Guide to Going Global. Hoboken: John Wesley and Sons. World Bank. (2007). Doing business 2008: comparing regulation in 178 economies. New York: World Bank Publications. Xiaowen, T. (2001). Managing international business in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University, Cambridge Zhan, J., Zhan, Y. (2012). Foreign Value-added in China’s Manufactured Exports: Implications for China’s Trade Imbalance. China World Economy, 20(1), 27-48. Zhu, C., Wan, G. (2012). Rising Inequality in China and the Move to a Balanced Economy. China World Economy, 20(1), 83-104 Zou, W., Lui, Y. (2011). Rural–urban Migration and Dynamics of Income Distribution in China: A Non–parametric Approach. China World Economy, 19(6), 37–55. This report on ABC Marketing Plan: Cultural Environment of China was written and submitted by user Amphibian to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Drug Abuse in Iran Essays

Drug Abuse in Iran Essays Drug Abuse in Iran Essay Drug Abuse in Iran Essay Abstract : purpose of this paper is to inform my classmates the rate of substance abuse for Iranian high school students. High school students who are either experienced being prison or awaiting a trial for a crime that they made, either with HIV or without it. This research has been done by me, Dr. Arash and Kamiar Alaei 5 years ago in Iran. Dr. Kamiar Alaei spent over 3 years in prison and his brother Dr. Arash is still in prison for their phenomenon research on AIDS in Iran. I will discuss about the risk factors and social background of 3 Islamic countries, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq. The rate of HIV, and variety of drugs. Just from one high school in Tehran, we had this result, (300 boys) 40. 5 % abused substances at some time in their lives. Among the substance users, the use of cigarette ranked first (36. 9%), followed by alcohol (24. 2%), opium (12. 7%), hashish (8. 7%), Marijuana (8. 2%), heroin (2. 5%), cocaine (2. 5%), hallucinogens (1. 7%), morphine (1. 4%). Only 22. 5 % of the students were still using substances: cigarette 18%, alcohol 13. 5%, opium 2. 3 %, marijuana 2%, hashish 1. 7%, heroin 0. 8%, cocaine 0. 5%, morphine 0. 3% and hallucinogens 0. 3% (Some were using more than one substance). Pleasurable purposes, habit and release of tension were the most common motivations reported for using substances. Introduction I am writing about substance abuse in adolescence in Iran and also how it effects youth when they enter to their early adulthood. A number of research studies of substance use among adolescents, especially students have been carried out in different countries and different levels of educations. Substance use among the youth of Iran especially students is a major concern among researchers and policy makers. In Iran there is a centuries – old tradition of substance use and abuse. For instance opium was known to ancient Persians and has traditionally been used for treating physical and mental stress as well as for pleasurable and social purposes. Use of alcohol is both religiously and legally prohibited in Iran, but use of other substances are legally prohibited, except cigarette, which is not prohibited. the three most common reasons of opiate use among Iranian opiate addicts were enjoyment , physical pain and sedation . Causes, history and background After the narcotics shipments cross the Iranian border they usually are broken up into smaller units so they are more difficult to intercept. 60 percent of the drugs that enter Iran pass on into Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Persian Gulf. The remaining 40 percent stays in the country. The number of people using drugs- from addicts to casual users- is estimated to be around 8 million, ( about a quarter of them are under 19) although the head of the Drug Control Headquarters believes that the real figure could be much higher because most drug abusers want to avoid the stigma of being identified as addicts. 25 The average age of users is falling. A government official says the average addiction age has fallen to 10-19, whereas it used to be 25-29, and the head of the Drug Control Headquarters ascribed the increase in young drug abusers to the country’s population explosion. Drug abuse has led to a growing prison population. Forty percent of all crimes in Iran are drug-related felonies. The head of the Prisons, Security, and Correction Organization said in July 2005 that out of the 3 main juveniles prisons in Iran, Kuwait and Iraq 32,000 were imprisoned for drug addiction. The economy, and especially the high rate of joblessness, tops the list of reasons given by Iranians for drug abuse. Unemployment stands at 14 percent officially and is estimated by outside experts to be in the 25 percent range. This grievance combines with general boredom and a lack of options. A young People always say, â€Å"We’re all jobless. We have nothing to do. We try to do a little bit of business here and there and we get arrested as troublemakers. That’s why there are so many drug addicts here. It’st he despair. †3Another addict said that he had been in combat for forty months during the Iran-Iraq War since he was 14, but when he returned the regime abandoned him. He supported his drug habit with odd jobs and charity, and he warned, â€Å"The youth are becoming drug addicts. hey have no freedom, no jobs, nowhere to go and have fun. So we are all addicts. †National and community leaders are aware of the relationship between jobs and drug abuse. Young people turn to drugs because of â€Å"unemployment, depression, and neglect,† a parliamentary representative said, adding that â€Å"no hope for the future or social joy† are contributory factors7 A Frid ay prayer leader said that unemployment and poverty are among the root causes of drug abuse, and he urged the government to create job opportunities. The availability of drugs also makes an impact. In the words of an individual who deals with addiction treatment and prevention at the Welfare Organization, â€Å"the purchase of heroin has become easier than the purchase of a bottle of milk. To buy bread, we are forced to wait in a line for a long time, but to purchase drugs, no problem exists. †When a war veteran who was describing the lack of alternatives to taking or dealing drugs complained that the local park only has four trees, an opium addict chimed in, â€Å"Instead of trees in our parks, all you find are drug dealers. † There are also other factors contributing to drug abuse in Iran. A member of parliament who also happens to be secretary of the Antidrugs Society attributed drug abuse to the way individuals are treated in society: â€Å"In our society, human beings are not looked upon with dignity and respect, otherwise people who are socially accepted would not turn to drugs. †41 Another parliamentarian explained that culture is behind the demand for drugs: â€Å"Today, the youth are bored with what they have and wish for things they haven’t got. This is rooted in Western culture and should be confronted with the use of cultural tools. †4A supervisor at Shiraz University’s Cultural Center said that culture- not enough sports, depressing and overcrowded dormitories- is a significant reason for the prevalence of drug abuse. 4There also are the kinds of reasons one expects to hear from Iranian officials. One cleric said that weak religious faith is the main reason why people are attracted to drugs. 44 Another cleric said that Iran’s enemies are encouraging the youth to consume drugs. Islamic countries increasingly confront a set of social problems affecting their youth, such as teenage runaways, violence in the family, drug addiction, high risk behavior, crime, prostitution, alcohol abuse phenomena associated with modernity, urbanization, population growth and economic strain. Some Middle Eastern countries initially find it difficult to acknowledge, let alone address, such problems. On the level of values, there appear to be three principle obstacles preventing an open acknowledgement of the kinds of social problems listed above: The belief that these are problems an Islamic society should not have. The posture that if they do occur, they should be dealt with privately by the family/clan, neighborhood or community. The fear is that by helping the affected person, you are validating their conduct and thereby encouraging others to imitate them. This is changing, of necessity. Families and communities are not able to absorb and manage problems as they did in the pa st, in part because traditional structures are no longer intact, and in part because the traditional solutions are increasingly overlaid by new beliefs about what is legal, ethical and appropriate. At the same time, the scope of the problems does not allow them to continue to be swept under the rug. Concepts of human rights, combined with legal reforms and exposure to international debate of the relevant issues, are impacting regional perceptions of these problems. The increased willingness to acknowledge and address sensitive social problems is reflected both in official government reporting, which includes the recognition that these problems exist and are significant, and in public discussion of formerly taboo issues in popular media. See examples at right on teen runaways and family violence from Zanan, an Iranian Womens magazine. ) The Islamic Republic of Iran has become relatively open in its discussion of youth drug addiction, teenage runaways and underage prostitution. Speaking openly about such problems is a first step to recognise the problem. . Fortunately, now we see a greater degree of realism. 1 Theory If I want to describe a theory to explore this problem, I woul d want to go by Erik Erickson theory. The core concept of Eriksons theory is the acquisition of an ego-identity, and the identity crisis is the most essential characteristic of adolescence. Although a persons identity is established in ways that differ from culture to culture, the accomplishment of this developmental task has a common element in all cultures. In order to acquire a strong and healthy ego-identity the child must receive consistent and meaningful recognition of his achievements and accomplishments(Muuss, 1975, p. 55). Adolescence is described by Erikson as the period during which the individual must establish a sense of personal identity and avoid the dangers of role diffusion and identity confusion (Erikson, 1950). The implication is that the individual has to make an assessment of his or her assets and liabilities and how they want to use them. Adolescents must answer questions for themselves about where they came from, who they are, and what they will become. Identity, or a sense of sameness and continuity, must be searched for. Identity is not given to the individual by society, nor does it appear as a maturational phenomenon; it must be acquired through sustained individual efforts. Unwillingness to work on ones own identity formation carries with it the danger of role diffusion, which may result in alienation and a lasting sense of isolation and confusion. The virtue to be developed is fidelity. Adhering to ones values contributes to a stable identity. Based on this theory, identities are lost in Iran, youth are looking to find themselves in their life. They have no hope and future from their perspective is very dark. They hate religion, blame their parents for 1979 revolution, they can adjust between their two worlds, one is the one they see over satellite, western life and one is the one they watch on daily bases. They are lost. So either they study very hard to get an admission from respected universities in other countries and run away from middle east or lose themselves in drug, prostitution, AIDS and unawareness. Establishment of the Triangular Clinic After reporting a huge number of HIV/AIDS youth patient in drug abusers, the estimated age of patients are between 15-19 all males, Medical University and Health Department decided to give an appropriate response to prevent this problem. Initially a large HIV center affiliated to the University hospital was planned. However, fearing that such a move would stigmatize Iran as the epicentre of HIV in the country, this suggestion was at first opposed. However in October 2000 the Triangular Clinic was established. This center is very accessible for patients. The concept of the Triangular Clinic is to tackle three important issues: addressing injecting drug abuse through a harm reduction approach; the treatment of STDs; and care and support for patients. The problems of drug dependence, STDs and HIV are all behavioral in nature and hence, the clinic is a center for the treatment of behavioral disease. By grouping the three together, it is possible to organize a comprehensive and integrated service to the patients. Moreover, avoiding direct reference to HIV alone minimizes any associated stigmatization. This center has provided the patients with, medical services, nursing services and a lot more. The basic diagnosis and recommendation would be how to reduce HIV/AIDS in community and how other people can use the Triangle outside of Iran. Drug abuse treatment In my opinion the first thing which should be considered as the most important strategy would be treating the drug abusing itself and then we can concentrate on HIV/AIDS. tudies have consistently shown that participation in drug abuse treatment is associated with lower rates of drug injection. Treatment for drug addiction has been shown to be effective as an HIV prevention strategy, especially when it is available to the drug user at the time when he or she seeks help. Therefore a comprehensive approach toward IDUs should includ e flexible, accessible and caring treatment systems. Within these systems, drug substitution programs are the most commonly used for IDUs who are addicted to opiates, and within the developed world, methadone is the preferred prescription. It may be used for gradual withdrawal of various age groups or for long term maintenance in populations of older chronic users. Substitute programs do not cure the addiction, but by removing IDUs from lifestyles in the criminal world and attracting them to socially acceptable clinical surroundings, there are better opportunities to decrease injecting and needle sharing behaviors, thereby contributing to a decrease of HIV transmission. This service could be distributed to all population, such as women, children, people who cannot afford because all treatments are for free of cost. Fortunately equitable distribution of health service is accessible to all, but most of the people in community do not will to participate in the program or treatment sessions. HIV primary prevention Primary prevention activities include the training of student when they are still in elementary school. volunteers to raise HIV warned among their families, friends, neighbors and the general public. The volunteers make referrals to individuals seeking help. Seminars and workshops are held for targeted groups such as soldiers, health workers and teachers. Clinic staffs are also involved in raising HIV awareness through mass media campaigns on radio, television and in the local press. In addition, peer education programs and some limited outreach is conducted. Harm reduction and sterile syringe access programs and nursing roles The Clinic (individual and community volunteers) provides risk reduction materials free of charge- condoms, bleach, needles and syringes. Thousand of these materials have been distributed. Serodiscordant couples are provided with condoms on a regular basis from the time of registration at the Clinic and none have seroconverted as yet. Counselling sessions have also been provided to serodiscordant couples to help keep families together and prevent divorce. Unfortunately average age of marriage in lower class family is very low, by the time they are 15, they may even have kids. When implemented as part of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS prevention strategy, sterile syringe access programs play a unique role in engaging hard-to-reach populations at high risk for HIV infection in meaningful prevention interventions and treatment opportunities. Evaluations of these programs indicate that they are an effective part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the injection drug use-related spread of HIV and other blood-borne infections. In addition, they do not encourage the use of illicit drugs. For example, one study in juvenile prison showed 80 percent decrease in HIV incidence attributed to sterile syringe access programs. The cumulative research shows that sterile syringe access programs are effective in reducing the further spread of HIV among drug abusers, their sexual partners, and their children. Furthermore, these programs help to:  ·increase the number of drug users who enter and remain in detoxification and drug treatment programs if they are available to them;  ·disseminate HIV risk reduction information, materials for behavioural change, and referrals for HIV testing and counselling and drug treatment services;  ·reduce injection frequency and needle-sharing behaviors;  ·reduce the number of contaminated syringes in circulation in a community; and  ·Increase the availability of sterile injection equipment, thereby reducing the risk that new infections will spread. Spouse Issue ( Gender) Consider some of the ways in which young women may be implicated in drug use. Women are centrally involved as sexual partners of male IDUs, as careers of people with HIV/AIDS and as people who may be vulnerable, in their own right, to the risk of HIV through drug injecting. The links between drug use, HIV and gender in developing regions are not yet well understood and need further exploration. It is clear however that the problems surrounding HIV and gender are greatly compounded when drug use is an added factor. The relationships between sexual behavior and IDU are quite complex. Women IDUs, who are dependent on men, may fear rejection by their partners if they do not inject drugs. Some people use drugs because they believe the drugs will increase pleasure during sex. Others engage in sex in order to obtain drugs or money to purchase them. Factors placing women drug users at high HIV risk  ·Being drug users themselves  ·Sexual relations with drug using partners  ·Engaging in commercial sex to support drug use  ·Being (girl) children of injecting drug users Lack of education and vocational skills. Women have increasingly become involved in all forms of drug-related problems and are likely to suffer more severe consequences than men as a result of this involvement. Women IDUs are at increased risk of HIV infection over male IDUs for several reasons, but principally because of their generally subordinate status in society. When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes. Women may also be introduced to drug use by sexual partners who inject their drugs for them. If the sexual partner becomes ill or is imprisoned, these women are at risk for overdose if they are unaware of the dosage they have been injecting, and at risk for HIV, if they must rely on others to inject them. There is less documentation about women drug users than their male counterparts. In most literature specific attention is not devoted to female drug users as a distinct group; consequently in the perception of the general public, female drug users are mostly invisible. As a result of these gender-specific perceptions of drug users, female and male users may differ with regard to their backgrounds, reasons for using drugs, psycho-social problems and resulting needs. Although the ratio of female to male drug users is still low, it has been steadily increasing. This phenomenon coincides with the rise of population mobility, broken families, and collapsing communities. While society in general does not look kindly on drug users, it is even harsher in viewing women who use drugs. A woman who uses drugs for whatever reason and who is infected by HIV seldom receives the sympathy and support that she needs. Also from traditional expectations of women as wife, mother and nurturer. Most of provinces, for example, do not have drug-treatment facilities for pregnant or HIV positive women, nor do they make provisions for child care, even though many women who use drugs are single, separated or divorced. Women who use drugs are often hidden from public view. However, women who are partners of drug users and girls who are daughters of drug users are even less visible and accessible. Non-using women with drug-using partners have different problems, especially if their partners are so heavily addicted as to be unable to function normally. Women often endure verbal, physical and sexual abuse, poverty and deprivation of material comfort and facilities, lack of emotional and social security, concern about the future not only for themselves but also for their children. Some women eventually turn to using drugs as a way of escaping from the harsh realities of their lives. Many women are forced into egging or prostitution to earn money to buy drugs for their partners. Of course, through these activities their risk of HIV infection may rise still further. . Prevention of mother to child HIV transmission and post-exposure prophylaxis HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) prophylaxis is provided for pregnant mother, although so far few women have received it. Health workers occupationally exposed to HIV and wives who have had unprotected sexual contact with their H IV infected husbands have also been given HAART prophylaxis. Due to lack of access to appropriate technology in poor provinces in Iran, sometimes the proper treatment cannot be done for them, and they have to be sent to bigger cities to which have access to technology. Young People Young people are particularly vulnerable to the risks posed by drugs and HIV. Children aged 10 and younger are using illicit drugs in many cities and communities around the world. These young people may live on the streets where risks to health are high and welfare support critically low or in households where information about HIV and illicit drugs is taboo. Young people may be initiated into injecting by more experienced drug users in a greater position of power or trust. This is the main issue which needs to be thought of seriously. The children of drug users are often forced to share the burden of the impact of parental (particularly paternal) drug use, and both boys and girls may be forced into child labour or prostitution in order to support parental drug use. The needs of such children are seldom taken into consideration in program planning or policy formulation exposed to HIV. Access to Treatment and Rehabilitation People with drug abuse problems have different needs. Women, the young, the poor, refugees and religious minorities need easier access to early intervention and services. Once in treatment, drug abusers may need job training and referral, assistance in finding housing and reintegrating into society. Drug abusers who commit crimes require alternative treatment in order to break the cycle of drug abuse and crime. Supportive therapist for PLWHA and the families and nursing roles Psychosocial support (psychotherapist and nurse) for is provided for PLWHA, including support for PLWHA group. Affected family members of PLWHA are offered counselling support to enhance their coping abilities and they are wiling to receive this help. They are counselled to provide support to PLWHA, with an emphasis on improving communication, disclosure and relationship. Recreational activities for PLWHA and their families and friends are also organized. Community- based outreach workers in Kermanshah Triangular Clinic and nursing roles Community-based outreach workers are on the front line in the local community, and they know where, when, and how to contact even the most difficult-to-reach drug users in their neighborhoods. As a trusted and recognized source of information, an outreach worker can help drug users understand their personal risks for HIV and other blood-borne diseases and identify the preventive steps they need to take. As a peer, the indigenous outreach worker can encourage drug users to stop or reduce using and injecting drugs and enter drug abuse treatment. They can provide referrals to drug users for drug-abuse treatment, for testing and counseling for HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, and for sterile syringe access programs. Outreach workers (nurses) are a vital link to:  ·educational and risk-reduction information on HIV/AIDS, HBV, HCV, and other STDs;  ·information and materials for behavioral change, including the HIV/AIDS risk-reduction hierarchy, bleach kits to disinfect injection equipment, condoms for safer sex, and instructions for proper condom use and disposal; and  ·Services for testing and counseling for HIV, HBV, HCV, and other STDs; drug abuse treatment; and other community health, prevention, and social programs. Team work As it is concluded from the above paragraphs, none of these strategies and planning can be done without having a good team work. Some of can be achieved by health care professionals, some by community workers, some by supporting their feelings. Coordination of services between the sectors One of the significant aspects of Triangular Clinic is that various services in sectors are coordinated. The Clinic has been taken enormous pains to establish this mechanism, which has ensured that the infected, affected and members of high-risk groups receive the maximum benefits. Key sectors coordinated other than ministry of health (government, which is main system) with include the Red Crescent Society, Imam Welfare Committee and the State Welfare Organization. How drug use and HIV are viewed may also depend on the sector of government concerned with the issue:  ·Health departments may see HIV and drug overdose as the fundamental problems posed by injecting drug use  ·The Police may be more concerned with crime associated with illicit drugs  ·Home Ministries or Patrols may be primarily concerned with suppressing the supply of drugs  ·Chief Ministers may be concerned with the overall impact of drug problems on the community Whatever approaches governments and other policy making agencies take towards illicit drug use, it is important that they carefully consider the full implications of their decisions. Declaring stringent bans on drug use, or advocating imprisonment for all offenders may sound like strong leadership, but in isolation from other public health measures, may simply result in more harm. Red Crescent Society The international organization provides several services in middle east related to the above strategies: financial and material support to PLWHA, HIV counselling for those engaged in high-risk behaviour and a volunteer training program in primary prevention. The Triangular Clinic supports this by facilitating the training and providing information. Volunteers attend the Clinic to help with referrals. . State Welfare Organization The state Welfare Organization provides inpatient and outpatient treatment and rehabilitation services for drug abusers. The Triangular Clinic regularly makes referrals to their abstinence-oriented treatment program. Government The second component of the Comprehensive Drug Control Program of the Islamic Republic of Iran focuses on drug demand reduction (DDR). In this area, the program will develop and enhance the national capacity for preventing drug abuse, as well as for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In line with the guidelines of the National Five-Year Drug Demand Reduction Strategy, the project focuses on the consolidation of the Prevention Department of the State Welfare Organization and the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training, and on the decentralization of drug abuse control initiatives by strengthening local monitoring and control plans of action. The project will contribute to the development of national specialized technical skills and capabilities at central and local levels by providing training to specialists, NGOs and other voluntary organizations. Subsequently, the project will provide financial support and technical guidance for the first steps of drug demand reduction initiatives launched at local levels. A special emphasis will be placed on initiatives of NGOs that promote children s and women s rights. The problem of drug abuse in the penitentiary system will be addressed through ad-hoc activities introducing drug treatment and rehabilitation to the system. Finally, with regard to drug consumption prevention, the project will focus on raising public awareness of the dangers of drug abuse, and it will foster civil society s involvement in the need for the treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Indicators a) Achievement of the sectoral objectives of the National Five-Year Strategy; ) Capability of the project to respond to new drug abuse trends and unpredicted related phenomena. constraints and policy issue The lack of a supportive policy environment is perhaps the greatest obstacle and challenge for controlling HIV among injecting drug users. Despite the fact that drug use drives the HIV epidemic in the country, the relationship between HIV and drug use is particularly neglected in terms of national policies on both HIV and drugs. Policy dialogue and policy reform are generally lacking with respect to injecting drug use and HIV. This lack of supportive policies makes it extremely difficult for programs to implement the activities necessary to reduce drug-related harm, especially HIV. While some progress is being made, national responses are generally inadequate and are not integrated into national development strategies, poverty reduction strategies and other key areas of development policy and planning. This has particular relevance to government looking to integrate concepts of sustainable human development into policy making processes, thus building the institutional capacity of governments for policy development and implementation. Drugs and HIV policy frameworks often develop at different times through different processes, so it is no surprise that they have often evolved with different goals and approaches. Drug policies in the country do not focus on public health issues such as HIV. Conversely, HIV policies often do not address injecting drug use. Instead, governments and development agencies place priority on finding long-term solutions to problem, rather than addressing the more immediate harm caused by drug use, most notably, HIV. In the absence of effective a correct and effective policies and programs to prevent HIV among IDU, community-based organizations are often the only agencies to implement responses. However the development of effective programs is often inhibited by government policies which prevent the implementation of interventions that have been proven successful elsewhere, such as needle exchange programs and drug substitution. This situation is changing, but often not until HIV has already begun to spread among IDUs. The challenge therefore is to identify ways of engaging governments, local programs and policy makers to develop policies that will support prompt implementation of effective responses to the epidemic among IDUs. To do this, governments and development agencies need better understanding of the nature and extent of the HIV epidemic among IDUs, exposure to different strategies, and examples of programmatic and policy responses for consideration West Kuwait Health Centre Triangular Clinic The Triangular Clinic in West Kuwait Health Center formerly operated as a hepatitis prevention and treatment clinic, but now offers HIV care, STD care and harm reduction services for drug abusers. Patients at the Clinic are largely referred from drug abuse treatment centers and are primarily referred for HIV counseling and care. there was just very minor report ( less than 10 males) from Kuwaiti, but their government was very cooperative with the new idea of opening a free clinic to help their youth, so the third triangular was in Kuwait. unfortunately, they did not provide us with the correct number of IDU North Basra (Iraq) Health Centre Triangular Clinic In July 2000, Iraq was among the countries having reported the large number of AIDS in its IDU adolescence in its prison, 8847 males. So The Clinic was established recently in an existing health center in North Basra. The centre provides family planning, mother and child care, and vaccination services during the mornings and services for drug abusers and their families in the afternoon. The Clinic was established at the health centre to provide better access for patients seeking services and to address the stigma attached to HIV and drug abuse. The Clinic primarily offers voluntary counseling and testing, and provides care and support services for HIV positive injecting drug abusers and their partners. Conclusion The HIV epidemic inIdrug abuser teenager is very complex and involves a mix of social, political, economic and ethical factors that are specific to each location In Iran injecting is a relatively new way of transmitting infectious disease. It is also behavior about which relatively little is known. HIV infection among injecting drug users is a new phenomenon in many places and current policies and programs may be insufficiently relevant to the specific challenges posed by contemporary drug use. We need to understand there are reasons for people to go after drugs. Partially reasons for increasing the Population of adolescence are:  ·Widespread stigma and marginalization in the community  ·Poor health status  ·Unemployment and poverty  ·Lack of access to health and community services  ·Lack of commitment from policy makers  ·Lack of information about risks of drug injecting Which is without government support and committed sectors is not achievable. Although individual groups and private organizations are trying to reduce the problem. References Ahmed R (1998) UNDP Co-Administrator, UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem, New York, 9 June 1998 Anderson, E, McFarlane,E. (1996)Community as partner, theory and practice in nursing Ahmadi J, Fakkor A, Malekpour A. Current substance use among psychiatric patient. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2002;8 (5): 223-286. Drug Control Bureau. Annual report of drug control. Tehran: 2001. May Gott, M. , O’Brien-Peterson,L. , (1990). The roles of nurse in health promotion. HIV/AIDS in Iran. Health Deputy of Ministry of Health. Iran. Jan 2001. Imam Khomeini Organization, HIV/AIDS prisoners, Tehran 2003 King’s psychology network Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Five-year program on drug demand reduction. Tehran: 1999. Prison Monthly Journal, Dr. Maghani, Tehran July, 2004 Ministry of Health and Medical Education. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Tehran. 2002 Razzhgi EM. HIV/AIDS in association with injecting drug abuse in Iran. Geneva: State Welfare Organization 1999. Tilak P. Pokharel, World Press Review correspondent, Kathmandu, Nepal, June 9, 2003 Unsigned editorial, Yas-e No (reformist), Tehran, Iran, Jan. 12, 2004 UN Agencies. Women on the move. The UN Inter-Agency Gender and Development Group. October 2000 WHO. Men and AIDS, Background document. Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean. 2000. .

Air pollution around the i710(Long Beach) Freeway Term Paper

Air pollution around the i710(Long Beach) Freeway - Term Paper Example Infect, they are not aware of the biggest danger, which is going to affect them in the forth coming years. According to Robert Hotz of the Wall Street Journal, "Congested cities are fast becoming test tubes for scientists studying the impact of traffic fumes on the brain" (Coker para. 1). The experience with air pollution can be associated to brain damage, fretfulness, gloominess, dementia and autism and also probably intensify the threat of Alzheimer's disease and fasten the outcome of Parkinson's disease. The latest report of the public-health management and the laboratory studies suggests that, overexposure to impure air has extensively been connected with asthma and elevated rates of cardiac syndrome, malignancy and respiration problems. The West Long Beach Site:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The west long beach, which is identified as an important gift of nature, is a residence to the main drivers of air pollution in southern California. About 29,000 inhabitants and 8 public schools are operating with more than 9,000 students; they are compressed among the 710 freeway to the east. The Long Beach/Los Angeles port compound, the 103 freeways and main oil plant to the west; the 405 freeway to the north; the port and a main engineering to the south. A major producer of air pollution is the harbor compound, which include ships, trains, and trucks. As the basis for more than 40% of the nation’s import, above forty thousand trucks trips a day are required for the movements of the goods from the docks and terminals. â€Å"Some trucks head for the massive truck-to-train ‘intermodal’ facility adjacent to Westside area schools, where the containers are transferred to trains running north to the rail yards east of Los Angeles. Other trucks make their way to the I-710 and rail corridor, what residents call â€Å"cancer alley,† before hooking into the region’s vast transportation matrix. The research site is highlighted in the map to the rig ht† (Hytrek 5). Air Pollution around the 710 Freeway:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The port of Long Beach are the lone prevalent source of air pollution in southern California leading to increased asthma rates for kids existing in port-adjacent community such as Long Beach, to be approximately twofold as elevated as the rest of the U.S. Pollution associated to the ports and movements of goods in California causes more than 2,500 early deaths per annum and malignancy threat rates up to 20 times superior to central clean air standards. The inhabitants are basically economically backward class. In a current economic study of school absence and ozone stage in Southern California, the researchers identified that $68 million a time can be secured if ozone altitudes in the south Coastal Basins been further minimized, so as to get better with the health matters of the children. Health Impacts of Air Pollution among Children: Air Pollution is found to have an inconsistent effect on inhabit ants near the coastal areas, where they belong to the economically weaker class of the society. Children are identified to have census problem and the regular headache and tiredness are the consequences as the result of the same. Children in those areas are prone to be identified with asthma, and other bronchial infections. The children are also found to have diagnosed with the risk of cancer and the risk of experiencing poisonous air contaminants. Various studies

Peer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Peer review - Essay Example According to the article, incorporating a balanced scorecard allows any organization to analyze how they are doing both non-financially and financially through going deep into where they are and decide the route that they will follow in order to attain their goals and objectives. According to Blocher et al. (2012), they also believe that in order to succeed, you have to align your business activities to the strategy and vision of the organization, improve external and internal communications, as well as monitor organization performance against planned goals. In the last paragraph, the writer elucidates to the reader how the organization overcame their plummeting sales through changing their strategy and deciding what their client would like to experience, how they can evaluate their financial performance and better manage their internal affairs, which were all significant aspects of assessing the performance of an organization (Michelli, 2007). Some of the thing that the writer could have added to the paper to make it more special is discussions on why the sales of Starbucks decreased in 2007 and how they got back up. Some critics also advise that writers should bear in mind that their articles might reach many people from different religions, thus is it also advisable to write from a neutral point of view rather than dwelling on one religion in order for others to feel recognized

Macro environment analysis of Berjaya air

Macro environment analysis of Berjaya air International business is a process or method in the economic system that describes all commercial transactions such as exchanging goods and services between two or more country. Mostly, the patterns and trends in international business include world trade and investment. International business is more likely to be choosing by Multinational enterprise (MNE). MNE believes that by doing international business, it provides them large market because they are now view world economy rather than their domestic market (Brakman Garretsen, 2008). They can now do export and import, foreign direct investment and also creates jobs and wealth opportunities to the nation that MNE penetrate in. Globalisation is powerful force impacting the economic, social and also political environment (Dunning, 1974). Declining in trade and investment barriers help the MNE to view the world and can base production in the optimal location for the market of activity, rapid growth in cross-border mergers and also acquisitions. The Berjaya Group starts when Tan Sri Dato Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun acquired a major controlling stake in the share capital of Berjaya Kawat Berhad from the founders, Broken Hill Proprietary Ltd, Australia and National Iron Steel Mills of Singapore. The company is official listing on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange in year 1969. The acquisition of Tan Sri Vincent Tan toward Berjaya Group resulted in a great change in the aggressive growth of Berjaya in October 1988 (James, 2010). Berjaya has transformed into variable entity through joint-ventures, acquisitions and partnerships. Now with total employees of over 21000, the group are diversify and provide services such as financial services, consumer marketing and direct selling, vacation timeshare, hotels, resorts recreation development, property investment and development, airline, gaming and lottery management (Berjaya, 2010). 1.0 The macro environment analysis of Berjaya air Macro environment analysis can help a firm to establish a more proper and stable international business worldwide. This is because macro environment analysis provides more specific forces such as political, environment, socio-cultural and also technology that can help firm to adapt to the environment (Haughey, 2000), . This is because the environment are rapidly changing, the cultural in each nation are different and also their technology growth (Henry, 2008). Due to its diversification in many fields, it would be appropriate to analyse based on one group which I choose that is Berjaya air. Berjaya Air is practically practising the PEST analysis to meet demand of their local market. They believe that the forces in PEST analysis are fundamental for the growth in niche market in Malaysia and also Asian. Berjaya air was first started in Malaysia and they are using PEST analysis to excel in their domestic and also international markets (Malaysia SEO Company, 2009). 1.1 Political Malaysia practises Parliamentary Democracy with a constitutional monarch. With the economy and political stability, it is sure that many of the MNE want to do business in Malaysia. The key of attraction to investors to continue invest in Malaysia is all about political stability (Technip, 2010). Even though Malaysia contains of many races and practises different cultures, but still Malaysia remain peaceful. Furthermore, Malaysia government are attracting and encourage MNE to come invest and involve in their business transaction (The Star, 2010). Malaysia government are trying to make Malaysia as core a core business centred around the world. Hence, the government are allowing any foreign investor to invest in any field in the Malaysia business and they are also being given freedom in context of rule and press of law. Incentives are given for a firm to do their project and Malaysia government are more focus in social and employment legislation for the purpose to create peaceful countr y for any investor. For a firm to success in a market, there are believed that they have good political relationships with the government. This is because governments have a lot rules and regulations that a company needed to follow. For example, there were tax policy, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and tariffs and political stability. Therefore, Berjaya has always kept good relationships with the government. This is to ensure them their safety and stability development while conducting business. It also can attract local and also foreign investor to invest in the firm as they have good relationships between the firm and the government. By understanding and adapting to the political environment of a country, Berjaya are ready to tackle the domestic and international markets. The Berjaya also believe to have close connection with former prime minister, Tun Mahathir Mohammads family business (Aditjondro, 2005). 1.2 Economic Other than political factor, Berjaya also look into the economics of country. This was important to know the purchasing power of consumers so that the company can tackle and produce a product that will be bought by consumer. The group also concern about the interest, exchange and inflation rate of the country. This is because the economic growth can affect the rate and the company needs to sustain in the growth of the economy (Goodwin Nelson, 2008). Malaysia actually is a country that has lot resources such as rubber, palm oil and also natural resources such as petroleum and tin (Janes Information Group, 2009; Altius Directory, 2010). The growth of Malaysias economy is driven by export to the other countries such as Japan, China and also United State (US). The country began to move from a domestic producer to a multi sector economy. Over the last 16 years, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia has growth and reach over 6% per year. The unemployment rates also remain low at 4% and also low inflation even though recent global rise in crude oil prices (Trading Economics, 2010). This created a very good opportunities for Berjaya in expand their business in airline because more passengers will take flight on vacation as the economy are become more stable and change of monetary measures. 1.3 Social Furthermore, social factors were also important for a company. Berjaya needs to look in the different of cultural and demographic especially in Malaysia. This is because Malaysia contains of different races and cultural that needs the company to segmentation their product in it. Consumers are more towards health consciousness lately and they are more emphasis on safety living environment. By having good reputation for the Berjaya airline, passengers are feeling secured to take the flight. Berjaya air tickets are cheaper than Malaysia Airline System (MAS) and reasonable that make it is an attraction for passengers to choose their flight. According to MAS itself, not all can afford a higher flight ticket as passengers will try to find other alternative that are cheaper. Their customer services department also quite slow in providing detail to their customers (Vin, 2009). 1.4 Technology Last for the PEST forces is the technology. Technology can help the firm to save cost in the production making because it minimum the efficient production levels and also lower the barriers to entry (Kottler, 1998). This technology factor is very important to strengthen and enhance in Berjaya airlines system. When internet was first launched in 1990, JARING is become famous and rapidly being use by all Malaysian. After that, TMnet which is the second Malaysias Internet Second Provider (ISP) was licensed at in 1996. With faster surfing environment than JARING, more Malaysian are subscribe to Tmnet (Becker, 2002). After few years later, there were three new ISPs being incorporated in Malaysia that is Digi, Maxis Communication and Time Telecommunications Sdn. Bhd. (Yunus, 2000). Foremost, the introduction of E-commerce and E-business has made any business become easier. Business transaction can be done around the world such as booking ticket online. Furthermore, Berjaya airline are using SITA Gabriel Reservations System. This system is the worlds largest international providing airlines with vital passenger reservations and management information system. The functions of this system is to record all the passengers name, the flight schedule and also other features such as boarding pass printing and advance seat selection (Pilling, 2008). Hence, technology is really important for business nowadays. It helps the management of the firm to become more efficient and smooth. 2.0 The International Consideration There were many considerations to be made before going into international business. In the airlines field, each country has their national airlines that mostly owns and operates by local government. Other than that, private airlines are collateral to a great deal of government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For example, governments in Singapore often interfere to terminate airline labor actions in order to protect their free flow of people, communications, and goods between different countries (Paul, 2010). Berjaya Air is doing foreign direct investment in other countries such as Singapore and Thailand. They had flight to fly to the Koh Samui, Thailand and also to Changi, Singapore airport for meets their customers wants and demands. The other consideration a firm has to stress is in the deregulation of the airline industry. Before deregulation was introduced, countries have their own policies to protect their domestic air carriers from any other foreign competitors. These own policies makes the air services are more restricted between each country and also troublesome. For example, there were requirement that need to be made for each airlines firm such as the route that they are taking, airfares and their operating method (Ioannides Debbage, 1998). In the year of 2008, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have all being standardised as deregulation region. This allow airline from each members countries to fly across each other region without any problems. Under the ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services, each airline in the ASEAN countries is granted to enjoy free flow of flight to fly across other countries and the rights to make stops in other countries territory for non-traffic purposes such as emergency landing or fuelling (King Rodolfo, 2006). Malaysia begins to promote their tourism industry in the late 1980. Statistic show that around 5.5 million of travellers visited Malaysia in 1991. Even though Malaysia have faces many problems such as Gulf War, global slowdown and recession in their politic structure but still tourism contribute to approximately MYR5 billion in year 1991. Malaysia continuing to targets tourists from their neighbouring countries and also Middle East such as Saudi Arabia by providing range of tourism options (Locsin, 2010). This is because Malaysia is well known in its history and has many differences cultural to be explored. Tourism Malaysia reported that there were 119.5% increase in the number of visitors. Government will continue to support this industry as it is important for them to generate revenue of foreign exchange. Nevertheless, Berjaya Airline is trying to promote their package with low air flight tour of business as to increase their customer level (Anon, 2009). By target only the most famous places that tourists will visit, it help Berjaya airline to gain good brand image in no time for the tourism industry. Wherever tourists planning to go in any interesting places in Malaysia, they surely will choose Berjaya air because the airline are more fly toward any famous destinations in Malaysia and also other countries such as Koh Samui, Thailand and also Singapore, known as a shopping paradise. However, the liberalization of industry has led to an increase in flights and airlines operating on certain routes. Bilateral agreements are also affect the free entry and exist in the airlines systems. Bilateral are based on open skies agreement which give freedom to fly with full traffic in any capacity and routes. Because of freedom in entering and exist, more airline firms are interest to invest in any countries (Bowen Leinbach, 2010). The local airline faces more competition than last time. In the Berjaya case, their rivals who are MAS and Air Asia that already established airline services for an age. MAS and Air Asia also provide more services to strengthen customers loyalty toward their airlines and will benefit the firm because more customers are choosing their airlines to fly (Business Time, 2010). The main advantage in an attempt to optimize an airline firm profit is their pricing ticket. Over the year, the pricing of airline tickets has increase and become major problem that faced by any airlines firm and its troublesome. By having complications in scheduling flights and to sustain profitability, airlines are forced to make constant adjustments. Moreover, another financial issue is that of hedging of oil  and  fuel  purchases (Notaras, 2010). This is usually the second expenses in its relative cost to the company. But, with the increasing in fuel prices has brought the largest cost to an airline. As to overcome the issues faced by Berjaya airline, they are utilizing public relations to extend and supplement its advertising budget. By having special promotion, it can help Berjaya to boost up their customer and provide them with latest and famous aviation that their customers would like to visit. The airline is operating using new market by transcending the technological barrier with the latest technology in the airline business (Swissgabe, 2003). It helps Berjaya from face any other complications in systems break down that can affect the overall management in its firm. This can evaluate the overhead cost and time consuming because the systems is always being maintains and are up-to-date. Despite from all the factors that being discuss just now, Berjaya is ready to going into international business. They already established and targeted their neighboring countries in ASEAN region such as Thailand and also Singapore. By focusing more on the niche market, Berjaya airline can target and segmented their customer in the market. The steps of concentrate more on niche market bring Berjaya airline profit because they are targeting to specific, segment, and also satisfying their customers (Berjaya Air, 2010). It narrows down the scope and clarifies the focus of the marketing of the Berjaya. Berjaya airline is a small firm and by focus more in niche market, the firm can concentrate to develop strategies to meet their customers want and needs. These give Berjaya airline a competitive advantage toward any other airlines firm because all of the airlines firms in Malaysia have different targeting customers and wont overlapping with their each other that can affect the revenue retur n of their firm. 3.0 The Growth of Business For a business to continue success in the world, the firm needs to come out with new strategies that can help the growth of the business. The firm needs to do some self improvement because the world is become globalize and the wants and demand of customers are converging around the globe (BNET, 2008). Even thou the aim of a business is to gain profit but they also need to lesser their competitors in the market because too many rivalry bring less profit to their firm. By consider to Ansoffs Product Market Matrix, Berjaya airline can build good strategies that in the long run shall help create many opportunities to their firm. Based on Ansoffs Product Market Matrix, it helps marketer in any firms to see wider perspective to grow the business through existing products and markets (Berkshire, 2010). In this aspect, Berjaya airline can focus in promoting their low cost carriers (LCCs). This is because LCCS are different from any other traditional carriers as it has different business model; low operating costs and low fares. Low Cost Carriers business model are believe to growth in faster rate rather than other business model because they focus more in providing low airfares (Field, 2008). Operating cost has to be kept low as well in orders to keep flight ticket prices low. This can be done by using more fuel efficiency plane or aircraft. By moving forward, Berjaya Airlines introduce the ATR 72-500 aircraft and is well known for its reliability to be among the best environment friendly turboprop aircraft (NRI, 2010). Other than this, flying to uncongest or secondary airports such as in Pulau Redang, Pulau Tio man and also to Changi in Singapore allow the LCCs have quick turn-around, cut back on delay and save money. Berjaya Air also makes sure that their operating method is point-to-point flights to avoid the cost of providing services for connecting passengers. LCCs demand are increasing as the low prices of ticket that stimulate passenger to choose them. Additionally, the average airfares decrease. This is also known as Southwest Effect. For example, a study in Denver found out that passenger volumes increased by an average of 36.8% meanwhile the fares decreased by an average of 18.2% after the LCCs business model being introduced (IBM, 2010). In the term of new product development, Berjaya Airline tries to introduce new packages that suit for local and also international tourists such as Great Holiday Escapes. This package brings the passenger to popular destinations such as Koh Samui in Thailand, and also local places such as Pulau Redang and Pulau Tioman. Furthermore, Berjaya also set up company base operation in Kuala Lumpur which manage and utilizing the route advantage to designated travels destinations with easy access and smart location compared to MAS and Air Asia. Before Berjaya involve in airline business, they already well knew in property investment and development, hotels, resorts and recreation development and many other. However, Berjaya Group has diversified into airline which is newly for them and known as Berjaya Air. By taking steps further, it helps Berjaya Airline to become further develop in the domestic and also international flight. In the future, Berjaya Airline is planning to expand their territories through partnerships and also cooperation with other larger airline in ASEAN. The marketing researchers also try to identify and expanding new routes. By doing this, they have greater opportunities in exploiting the airlines markets. 4.0 New Venture It is believe that after a firm success in their current market, the firm will begin try to expand in more newly venture that they have never done before. By doing new venture, the market size actually are bigger because the firm have move to wider scope and target of their business. However, it is not easy for Berjaya Airline to sustain in the new venture as they are small firm compare to MAS and Air Asia. But, having competitive advantages in their business strategy, Berjaya can overcome this problem and without overlapping with other airline profit earnings (Porter, 1985). For my choice, Berjaya Airline can consider to doing foreign direct investment in the Cambodia country. Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy country and almost 96% population of their citizens are practiced Theravada Buddhism. Between, they have different minority races such as Cham, Muslims, Chinese and various tribes that stay in northwest of Cambodia. Mostly, the economics of Cambodia are towards the agriculture and some related sub-sectors. They are becoming major exporter in rice as in 2010 to 2011 year, their surplus of paddy is said to be around 7.3 million tons (AKP, 2010). In the late year of 1997, the tourism industry in Cambodia is rapidly growth despite of recovery in economic crisis. The arrivals of tourists in Cambodia from year 1997 are 219,000 to approximately 2 million people in the year 2007 (Asia Info, 2010). By understanding more on a country that Berjaya would like to penetrate in, it give them clear picture on what the policies in government laws and also the s tability in the local government economy. Based on Porters Five Forces Analysis, it show and help Berjaya Airline to create competitive advantages which contain all the important five forces that is threat of entrants, bargaining power of customers and suppliers and also threat of substitute and rivalry. 4.1 Threat of New Entrants First of all, one of the threats would be security of Berjaya networks. Advancement in the technology has created a lot of viruses and also hackers. Internet is very vulnerable and Berjaya need internet to doing their online transaction for booking ticket. However, this is not the major concern for Berjaya Airline as they are using latest technology that can reduce the risk from being spam by hackers or viruses. The main concern for Berjaya in establishes business in new country mean that they have to provide a huge sum of money for them to operate. By lacking of capital, Berjaya Airline maybe be need to acquire loans from bank so that they have possibilities to doing the business. As a member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Cambodia are become more developing as ASEAN help to create a more peaceful and stability region and also help in economic and social growth (Rodis, 2010). Chaos in a country can harm their economy growth as the investors are not willing to plunge their money in a vacillating country. Other than that, ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM) helps the tourism industry in Cambodia growth because more passengers are taking the air services. The passengers services will be removed and full liberalisation of air freight services will be introduce (Thomas, 2008). 4.2 Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers The bargaining power of consumers is high for the domestic airlines as there have a lot of choices for customers to be made. For example in the Cambodia domestic flight, it has around 10 domestic airlines that provide local flight such as Angkor Airways, Cambodia Airlines, President Airlines and other. The airlines is not fully own by the Cambodias government because the Vietnam Airlines Corporation also acquired 49% of the Cambodias Airlines. But, for the international routes or flight, there are less options for passenger to bargain and it make they have no other alternative and to take any flight services that are available in market. In the suppliers aspect, the price of airplanes continue high as there were few suppliers in the market (Floris Oswald, 2006). Most of airline supply business was dominated by Boeing and Airbus. In Porters generic strategies, Berjaya Airline business strategy is to target specific market with low prices, efficiency in operation and also provide popular destination for tourist such as Siem Reap in Cambodia. Statistics show that around 561,000 to 677,000 tourists enter Siem Reap province which is their international airport in the year 2004 to 2005. Siem Reap also has a large number of hotels and restaurants that make convenience for any tourists to try any local cuisines and also quite lot attractions (Angkor Visitor, 2010). The attractions were Angkor Wat, Angkor National Musem, Central Market and Cambodia Landmine Museum. The main attraction for the tourists is Angkor Wat. It is said to be the largest temple in the world and listed in the World Heritage as the most popular place to visit (UNESCO, 2009). Other than that, lower currencies in Cambodia also attract tourists to visit Cambodia over the year. With roughly 100 Cambodian Riel (KHR) is equal to 0.08 cents of Malaysia Ringgit (MYR) where KHR and MYR is monetary unit. By having a lot of competitive advantages such as famous place to be travel and low currency exchange, Berjaya Air new venture into the Cambodia Airline market create good opportunities for them in short and long term run. 4.3 Threat of Substitute Product and Rivalry Even thou Berjaya see a lot of advantages in doing business in Cambodia Airlines, but by going international also make the face many competition. Passenger has more options towards the local transportation such as train or other. But considering about the time consumptions that they need to bear with, consumers are willing to go for airline. Additionally, Berjaya need to deal competition with local airlines that provide same services. Many of the local competitors in multi countries are having affiliates or subsidiaries from the government. Local airline would have more and easy access to the information because they receive support and also have good relationships with the government. The information such as market demands, policies changes and economic slowdown can affect and slowdown the overall operation of Berjaya Airline. This is because airline industrys high capital requirements, protective regulatory structures, and scale advantages that cost of competition would eliminate f uture profit. Exist in rivalry for the airlines industry is also cant be avoided. Each airline company are providing the same services and operating to the same destinations. Furthermore, each of the firm is competing among themselves by promoting privileges membership, cutting airfares, and many other benefits just to grab customers loyalty towards their airlines. However, Berjaya Airline central objective is to achieve bigger niche advantages than their rivals by continuing searching areas such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia to cater great tourist destinations with additional tourisms services. For them, the aimed of differentiation and variety specific destination is a competitive priority and it helps Berjaya Airline to determine the market position. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, going international business is promising every firm with high return of profit. Not only going international, the domestic businesses also need good strategies planning to excel in both fields. By understand more on what approaches that are best suit to Berjaya take in internationalism will help them to show a positive growth in their firm. By adopting all the strategies needed by Berjaya Airline such as PEST, Ansoffs Product Market Matrix and also Porters Five Forces help the firm to realize the strength of a market. The firm can now use this competitive advantages to tackle the airlines industries not only domestic but also international as the strategies already provide them many steps to overcome problems faces by the firm and also steps to improve their airline services. (4234 words) 6.0 Referencing Aditjonro 200. Company Profiles [Online] Available at: http://www.forestsmonitor.org/en/reports/550066/550085#berjaya (Accessed on 4th November 2010) AKP, 2010. Cambodia to Become a Major Rice Exporter [Online] Available at: http://www.un.int/cambodia/Bulletin_Files/Aug10/Cambodia_to_Become.pdf (Accessed on 28th November 2010) Altius Directory 2010. Malaysia Economy 2010 [Online] Avalaible at: http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Business/malaysia-economy.php (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Angkor visitor, 2010. 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Internet in Malaysia and Vietnam Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=2oQbTdz3JasCpg=PA44lpg=PA44dq=first+licensed+internet+provider+in+Malaysia%3Fsource=blots=t6MFI335hjsig=PCCKdGDYrv29evE1j8w0L85BtAhl=enei=9SP6TN_aDoXyrQfu6LiiCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=first%20licensed%20internet%20provider%20in%20Malaysia%3Ff=false (Accessed on 29th November 2010) Berjaya air, 2010 All about Berjaya Air [Online] Available at: https://www.berjaya-air.com/aboutus.html (Accessed on 5th December 2010) Berkshire, 2010., Ansoffs Product-Market Matrix [Online] Available at: http://www.anythingresearch.com/Strategic-Planning/Ansoff-Matrix.htm (Accessed on 2nd November 2010) BNET, 2008., How to Stay Competitive in a Global Market [Online] Available at: http://www.bnet.com/article/how-to-stay-competitive-in-a-global-economy/207502 (Accessed 6th November 2010) Bowen, T. J., Leinbach, R. T., 2010. 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